相关论文: Foundations of Mathematics

Quantum algorithms are demonstrated to outperform classical algorithms for certain problems and thus are promising candidates for efficient information processing. Herein we aim to provide a brief and popular introduction to quantum…

Engineering needs mathematics, but the converse is also increasingly evident. Indeed, mathematics is still recovering from the drawbacks of several "reforms". Encouraging is the revived interest in proofs indicated by various recent…

Toda's Theorem is a fundamental result in computational complexity theory, whose proof relies on a reduction from a QBF problem with a constant number of quantifiers to a model counting problem. While this reduction, henceforth called…

G\"odel's second incompleteness theorem is standardly understood as showing that no sufficiently strong, consistent theory of arithmetic can prove its own consistency, a result typically interpreted against a model-theoretic background in…

We provide a formal introduction into the classic theorems of general topology and its axiomatic foundations in set theory. In this second part we introduce the fundamental concepts of topological spaces, convergence, and continuity, as…

In this article we investigate the notion and basic properties of Boolean algebras and prove the Stone's representation theorem. The relations of Boolean algebras to logic and to set theory will be studied and, in particular, a neat proof…

The probabilistic satisfiability of a logical expression is a fundamental concept known as the partition function in statistical physics and field theory, an evaluation of a related graph's Tutte polynomial in mathematics, and the…

We show how G\"odel's first incompleteness theorem has an analog in quantum theory. G\"odel's theorem implies endless opportunities for appending axioms to arithmetic, implicitly showing a role for an agent, namely an agent that asserts an…

We give a survey of current research on G\"{o}del's incompleteness theorems from the following three aspects: classifications of different proofs of G\"{o}del's incompleteness theorems, the limit of the applicability of G\"{o}del's first…

Godelian sentences of a sufficiently strong and recursively enumerable theory, constructed in Godel's 1931 groundbreaking paper on the incompleteness theorems, are unprovable if the theory is consistent; however, they could be refutable.…

Despite ongoing calls for inclusive and culturally responsive pedagogy in computing education, the teaching of algorithms remains largely decontextualized. Foundational computer science courses often present algorithmic thinking as purely…

A Chaitin Omega number is the halting probability of a universal Chaitin (self-delimiting Turing) machine. Every Omega number is both computably enumerable (the limit of a computable, increasing, converging sequence of rationals) and random…

We present a set of principles and methodologies which may serve as foundations of a unifying theory of Mathematics. These principles are based on a new view of Grothendieck toposes as unifying spaces being able to act as `bridges' for…

So far, following the works of A.M. Turing, the algorithms were considered as the mathematical abstraction from which we could write programs for computers whose principle was based on the theoretical concept of Turing machine. We start…

In this paper, we study the so-called 'Mathematical part' of Plato's Theaetetus. Its subject concerns the incommensurability of certain magnitudes, in modern terms the question of the rationality or irrationality of the square roots of…

I am most honoured to have the privilege to present the Foreword to this fascinating and wonderfully varied collection of contributions, concerning the nature of computation and of its deep connection with the operation of those basic laws,…

It would be a heavenly reward if there were a method of weighing theories and sentences in such a way that a theory could never prove a heavier sentence (Chaitin's Heuristic Principle). Alas, no satisfactory measure has been found so far,…

In a recent historical overview, Cristian S. Calude, Elena Calude, and Solomon Marcus identify eight stages in the development of the concept of a mathematical proof in support of an ambitious conjecture: we can express classical…

Algebraic logic studies algebraic theories related to proposition and first-order logic. A new algebraic approach to first-order logic is sketched in this paper. We introduce the notion of a quantifier theory, which is a functor from the…

The famous G\"odel incompleteness theorem says that for every sufficiently rich formal theory (containing formal arithmetic in some natural sense) there exist true unprovable statements. Such statements would be natural candidates for being…