相关论文: The equivalence principle and the bending of light

We offer a concise and direct way to derive the bending angle of light (i.e. as generally called, gravitational lensing), while light grazes a star, through the approach suggested earlier by the first author, which is fundamentally based on…

We have derived the relationship between the radial proper distance, h, and the polar angle, phi, for a light ray that is emitted and travels in the neighborhood of the Earth's surface. General relativity predicts that, even locally, the…

We study the equivalence principle, regarded as the cornerstone of general relativity, by analyzing the deformation observable of black hole shadows. Such deformation can arise from new physics and may be expressed as a phenomenological…

In gravitational lensing, the usual viewpoint is that light bending measures how a ray deviates from a straight line in Euclidean space. In this work, we take the opposite perspective: we ask how a straight line bends in a curved space,…

The properties of light in the presence of electromagnetic and gravitational fields are compared. Once one takes account of the fact that clock rates vary with distance from a massive object, it is argued that in an absolute sense light…

Light does not travel in a perfectly straight line when it passes near massive objects. In this work, we calculate the gravitational deflection of light using the gauge theory of unified gravity [Rep. Prog. Phys. 88, 057802 (2025)],…

In this paper we review the derivation of light bending obtained before the discovery of General Relativity (GR). It is intended for students learning GR or specialist that will find new lights and connexions on these historic derivations.…

We show by direct calculation that the common Equivalence Principle explanation for why gravity must deflect light is quantitatively incorrect by a factor of three in Schwarzschild geometry. It is therefore possible, at least as a matter of…

We study the deflection and time delay of light by the Sun in general scalar extensions of the Standard Model which may violate the equivalence principle. Despite the presence of the interaction $\phi FF$ or $\phi F \tilde{F}$ between the…

General relativity differs from other forces in nature in that it can be made to disappear locally. This is the essence of the equivalence principle. In general relativity the equivalence principle is implemented using differential…

Gravitational light deflection is known as one of three classical tests of general relativity and the angle of deflection may be computed explicitly using approximate or exact solutions describing the gravitational force generated from a…

The Einstein equivalence principle is certainly a key element in the development of new enhanced theories of gravity. Although being an important building block in Einstein's general relativity, theoretically predicted violations of its…

The equivalence principle postulates a frame. This implies globally special and locally general relativity. It is proposed here that spacetime emerges from the gauge potential of translations, whilst the Lorenz symmetry is gauged into the…

It is known that a relative translational motion between the deflector and the observer affects gravitational lensing. In this paper, a lens equation is obtained to describe such effects on actual lensing observables. Results can be easily…

Light bending is one of the significant predictions of general relativity (GR) and it has been confirmed with great accuracy during the last one hundred years. In this paper, we semiclassically calculate the deflection angle for the photons…

We show that in the weak field limit the light deflection alone cannot distinguish between different $R + F[g(\square)R]$ models of gravity, where $F$ and $g$ are arbitrary functions. This does not imply, however, that in all these theories…

The observation of the bending of light by mass, now known as gravitational lensing, was key in establishing general relativity as one of the pillars of modern physics. In the past couple of decades, there has been increasing interest in…

We discuss a possible extension of calculations of the bending angle of light in a static, spherically symmetric and asymptotically flat spacetime to a non-asymptotically flat case. We examine a relation between the bending angle of light…

If gravitation and electromagnetism are both described in terms of a symmetric metric tensor, then the deflection of an electron beam by a charged sphere should be different from its deflection according to the Reissner-Nordstr\"om solution…

We consider the velocity shift of light in presence of radiation emitted by a black body. Within geometric optics formalism we calculate the bending angle of a light ray when there is a gradient in the energy density. We model the bending…