相关论文: Tagging Grammatical Functions
The development of lexicalized grammars, particularly Tree-Adjoining Grammar (TAG), has significantly advanced our understanding of syntax and semantics in natural language processing (NLP). While existing syntactic resources like the Penn…
We compare the performance of a transition-based parser in regards to different annotation schemes. We pro-pose to convert some specific syntactic constructions observed in the universal dependency treebanks into a so-called more standard…
Treebanks are important linguistic resources, which are structured and annotated corpora with rich linguistic annotations. These resources are used in Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications, supporting linguistic analyses, and are…
We introduce the syntactic formalism of the \textit{Cambridge Grammar of the English Language} (CGEL) to the world of treebanking through the CGELBank project. We discuss some issues in linguistic analysis that arose in adapting the…
In this paper, current dependencybased treebanks are introduced and analyzed. The methods used for building the resources, the annotation schemes applied, and the tools used (such as POS taggers, parsers and annotation software) are…
This paper gives a general description of the ideas behind the Parallel Meaning Bank, a framework with the aim to provide an easy way to annotate compositional semantics for texts written in languages other than English. The annotation…
This paper introduces a new web-based software tool for annotating text, Text Annotation Graphs, or TAG. It provides functionality for representing complex relationships between words and word phrases that are not available in other…
Creating linguistic annotations requires more than just a reliable annotation scheme. Annotation can be a complex endeavour potentially involving many people, stages, and tools. This chapter outlines the process of creating end-to-end…
We introduce the syntactic scaffold, an approach to incorporating syntactic information into semantic tasks. Syntactic scaffolds avoid expensive syntactic processing at runtime, only making use of a treebank during training, through a…
While syntactic dependency annotations concentrate on the surface or functional structure of a sentence, semantic dependency annotations aim to capture between-word relationships that are more closely related to the meaning of a sentence,…
The Semantic Web is an extension of the current web in which information is given well-defined meaning. The perspective of Semantic Web is to promote the quality and intelligence of the current web by changing its contents into machine…
Treebank formats and associated software tools are proliferating rapidly, with little consideration for interoperability. We survey a wide variety of treebank structures and operations, and show how they can be mapped onto the annotation…
Semantic annotation, the process of identifying key-phrases in texts and linking them to concepts in a knowledge base, is an important basis for semantic information retrieval and the Semantic Web uptake. Despite the emergence of semantic…
`Linguistic annotation' covers any descriptive or analytic notations applied to raw language data. The basic data may be in the form of time functions -- audio, video and/or physiological recordings -- or it may be textual. The added…
Corpus Pattern Analysis (CPA) has been the topic of Semeval 2015 Task 15, aimed at producing a system that can aid lexicographers in their efforts to build a dictionary of meanings for English verbs using the CPA annotation process. CPA…
Coordination is an important and common syntactic construction which is not handled well by state of the art parsers. Coordinations in the Penn Treebank are missing internal structure in many cases, do not include explicit marking of the…
The annotation of textual information is a fundamental activity in Linguistics and Computational Linguistics. This article presents various observations on annotations. It approaches the topic from several angles including Hypertext,…
Local grammars can be represented in a very convenient way by automata. This paper describes and illustrates an efficient algorithm for the application of local grammars put in this form to lemmatized texts.
The paper proposes the task of universal semantic tagging---tagging word tokens with language-neutral, semantically informative tags. We argue that the task, with its independent nature, contributes to better semantic analysis for…
Using feature-based Tree Adjoining Grammar (TAG), this paper presents linguistically motivated analyses of constructions claimed to require multi-component adjunction. These feature-based TAG analyses permit parsing of these constructions…