相关论文: Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment. OGLE-199…

Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment. OGLE-1999-BUL-32: the Longest Ever Microlensing Event -- Evidence for a Stellar Mass Black Hole?

We describe the discovery of the longest microlensing event ever observed, OGLE-1999-BUL-32, also independently identified by the MACHO collaboration as MACHO-99-BLG-22. This unique event has an Einstein radius crossing time of 641 days.…

天体物理学 · 物理学 2009-11-07 Shude Mao , Martin C. Smith , P. Wozniak , A. Udalski , M. Szymanski M. Kubiak , G. Pietrzynski , I. Soszynski , K. Zebrun

OGLE-2016-BLG-0156: Microlensing Event With Pronounced Microlens-Parallax Effects Yielding Precise Lens Mass Measurement

We analyze the gravitational binary-lensing event OGLE-2016-BLG-0156, for which the lensing light curve displays pronounced deviations induced by microlens-parallax effects. The light curve exhibits 3 distinctive widely-separated peaks and…

太阳与恒星天体物理 · 物理学 2019-02-27 Youn Kil Jung , Cheongho Han , Ian A. Bond , Andrzej Udalski , Andrew Gould , Michael D. Albrow , Sun-Ju Chung , Kyu-Ha Hwang , Chung-Uk Lee , Yoon-Hyun Ryu , In-Gu Shin , Yossi Shvartzvald , Jennifer C. Yee , M. James Jee , Doeon Kim , Sang-Mok Cha , Dong-Jin Kim , Hyoun-Woo Kim , Seung-Lee Kim , Dong-Joo Lee , Yongseok Lee , Byeong-Gon Park , Richard W. Pogge , Fumio Abe , Richard Barry , David P. Bennett , Aparna Bhattacharya , Martin Donachie , Akihiko Fukui , Yuki Hirao , Yoshitaka Itow , Kohei Kawasaki , Iona Kondo , Naoki Koshimoto , Man Cheung Alex Li , Yutaka Matsubara , Yasushi Muraki , Shota Miyazaki , Masayuki~Nagakane , Clément Ranc , Nicholas J. Rattenbury , Haruno Suematsu , Denis J. Sullivan , Takahiro Sumi , Daisuke Suzuki , Paul J. Tristram , Atsunori Yonehara , Przemek Mróz , Radek Poleski , Jan Skowron , Michał K. Szymański , Igor Soszyński , Szymon Kozłowski , Paweł Pietrukowicz , Krzysztof Ulaczy , Michał Pawlak

OGLE-2017-BLG-0537: Microlensing Event with a Resolvable Lens in $\lesssim 5$ years from High-resolution Follow-up Observations

We present the analysis of the binary-lens microlensing event OGLE-2017-BLG-0537. The light curve of the event exhibits two strong caustic-crossing spikes among which the second caustic crossing was resolved by high-cadence surveys. It is…

太阳与恒星天体物理 · 物理学 2018-08-15 Y. K. Jung , C. Han , A. Udalski , A. Gould , M. D. Albrow , S. -J. Chung , K. -H. Hwang , C. -U. Lee , Y. -H. Ryu , I. -G. Shin , Y. Shvartzvald , J. C. Yee , W. Zang , W. Zhu , S. -M. Cha , D. -J. Kim , H. -W. Kim , S. -L. Kim , D. -J. Lee , Y. Lee , B. -G. Park , R. W. Pogge , W. -T. Kim , P. Mróz , R. Poleski , J. Skowron , M. K. Szymański , I. Soszyński , S. Kozłowski , P. Pietrukowicz , K. Ulaczyk , M. Pawlak

Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment. OGLE 2000-BUL-43: A Spectacular Ongoing Parallax Microlensing Event. Difference Image Analysis

We present the photometry and theoretical models for a Galactic bulge microlensing event OGLE-2000-BUL-43. The event is very bright with I=13.54 mag, and has a very long time scale, t_E=156 days. The long time scale and its light curve…

天体物理学 · 物理学 2009-10-31 I. Soszynski , K. Zebrun , P. R. Wozniak , S. Mao , A. Udalski , M. Szymanski , M. Kubiak , G. Pietrzynski , O. Szewczyk , L. Wyrzykowski

OGLE-2014-BLG-0289: Precise Characterization of a Quintuple-Peak Gravitational Microlensing Event

We present the analysis of the binary-microlensing event OGLE-2014-BLG-0289. The event light curve exhibits very unusual five peaks where four peaks were produced by caustic crossings and the other peak was produced by a cusp approach. It…

太阳与恒星天体物理 · 物理学 2018-02-07 A. Udalski , C. Han , V. Bozza , A. Gould , I. A. Bond , P. Mróz , J. Skowron , Ł. Wyrzykowski , M. K. Szymański , I. Soszyński , K. Ulaczyk , R. Poleski , P. Pietrukowicz , S. Kozłowski , F. Abe , R. Barry , D. P. Bennett , A. Bhattacharya , M. Donachie , P. Evans , A. Fukui , Y. Hirao , Y. Itow , K. Kawasaki , N. Koshimoto , M. C. A. Li , C. H. Ling , K. Masuda , Y. Matsubara , S. Miyazaki , H. Munakata , Y. Muraki , M. Nagakane , K. Ohnishi , C. Ranc , N. Rattenbury , T. Saito , A. Sharan , D. J. Sullivan , T. Sumi , D. Suzuki , P. J. Tristram , T. Yamada , A. Yonehara , E. Bachelet , D. M. Bramich , G. DÁgo , M. Dominik , R. Figuera Jaimes , K. Horne , M. Hundertmark , N. Kains , J. Menzies , R. Schmidt , C. Snodgrass , I. A. Steele , J. Wambsganss , R. W. Pogge , Y. K. Jung , I. -G. Shin , J. C. Yee , W. -T. Kim , C. Beichman , S. Carey , S. Calchi Novati , W. Zhu

OGLE-2015-BLG-0479LA,B: Binary Gravitational Microlens Characterized by Simultaneous Ground-based and Space-based Observation

We present a combined analysis of the observations of the gravitational microlensing event OGLE-2015-BLG-0479 taken both from the ground and by the {\it Spitzer Space Telescope}. The light curves seen from the ground and from space exhibit…

太阳与恒星天体物理 · 物理学 2016-09-07 C. Han , A. Udalski , A. Gould , Wei Zhu , R. A. Street , J. C. Yee , C. Beichman , C. Bryden , S. Calchi Novati , S. Carey , M. Fausnaugh , B. S. Gaudi , Calen B. Henderson , Y. Shvartzvald , B. Wibking , M. K. Szymański , I. Soszyński , J. Skowron , P. Mróz , R. Poleski , P. Pietrukowicz , S. Kozłowski , K. Ulaczyk , Ł. Wyrzykowski , M. Pawlak , Y. Tsapras , M. Hundertmark , E. Bachelet , M. Dominik , D. M. Bramich , A. Cassan , R. Figuera Jaimes , K. Horne , C. Ranc , R. Schmidt , C. Snodgrass , J. Wambsganss , I. A. Steele , J. Menzies , S. Mao , V. Bozza , U. G. Jørgensen , K. A. Alsubai , S. Ciceri , G. D'Ago , T. Haugbølle , F. V. Hessman , T. C. Hinse , D. Juncher , H. Korhonen , L. Mancini , A. Popovas , M. Rabus , S. Rahvar , G. Scarpetta , J. Skottfelt , J. Southworth , D. Starkey , J. Surdej , O. Wertz , M. Zarucki , R. W. Pogge , D. L. DePoy

Determining the Physical Lens Parameters of the Binary Gravitational Microlensing Event MOA-2009-BLG-016

We report the result of the analysis of the light curve of the microlensing event MOA-2009-BLG-016. The light curve is characterized by a short-duration anomaly near the peak and an overall asymmetry. We find that the peak anomaly is due to…

太阳与恒星天体物理 · 物理学 2015-05-19 K. -H. Hwang , C. Han , I. A. Bond , N. Miyake , F. Abe , D. P. Bennett , C. S. Botzler , A. Fukui , K. Furusawa , F. Hayashi , J. B. Hearnshaw , S. Hosaka , Y. Itow , K. Kamiya , P. M. Kilmartin , A. Korpela , W. Lin , C. H. Ling , S. Makita , K. Masuda , Y. Matsubara , Y. Muraki , K. Nishimoto , K. Ohnishi , Y. C. Perrott , N. Rattenbury , To. Saito , T. Sako , L. Skuljan , D. J. Sullivan , T. Sumi , D. Suzuki , W. L. Sweatman , P. , J. Tristram , K. Wada , P. C. M. Yock D. L. , Depoy , B. S. Gaudi , A. Gould , C. -U. Lee , R. W. Pogge

OGLE-2017-BLG-0039: Microlensing Event with Light from the Lens Identified from Mass Measurement

We present the analysis of the caustic-crossing binary microlensing event OGLE-2017-BLG-0039. Thanks to the very long duration of the event, with an event time scale $t_{\rm E}\sim 130$ days, the microlens parallax is precisely measured…

太阳与恒星天体物理 · 物理学 2018-11-28 C. Han , Y. K. Jung , A. Udalski , I. Bond , V. Bozza , M. D. Albrow , S. -J. Chung , A. Gould , K. -H. Hwang , D. Kim , C. -U. Lee , H. -W. Kim , Y. -H. Ryu , I. -G. Shin , J. C. Yee , Y. Shvartzvald , S. -M. Cha , S. -L. Kim , D. -J. Kim , D. -J. Lee , Y. Lee , B. -G. Park , R. W. Pogge , M. K. Szymański , P. Mróz , J. Skowron , R. Poleski , I. Soszyński , S. Kozłowski , P. Pietrukowicz , K. Ulaczyk , M. Pawlak , F. Abe , R. Barry , D. P. Bennett , A. Bhattacharya , M. Donachie , P. Evans , A. Fukui , Y. Hirao , Y. Itow , K. Kawasaki , N. Koshimoto , M. C. A. Li , C. H. Ling , Y. Matsubara , S. Miyazaki , H. Munakata , Y. Muraki , M. Nagakane , K. Ohnishi , C. Ranc , N. Rattenbury , T. Saito , A. Sharan , D. J. Sullivan , T. Sumi , D. Suzuki , P. J. Tristram , T. Yamada , A. Yonehara

OGLE-2009-BLG-092/MOA-2009-BLG-137: A Dramatic Repeating Event With the Second Perturbation Predicted by Real-Time Analysis

We report the result of the analysis of a dramatic repeating gravitational microlensing event OGLE-2009-BLG-092/MOA-2009-BLG-137, for which the light curve is characterized by two distinct peaks with perturbations near both peaks. We find…

太阳与恒星天体物理 · 物理学 2015-05-19 Y. -H. Ryu , C. Han , K. -H. Hwang , R. Street , A. Udalski , T. Sumi , A. Fukui , J. -P. Beaulieu , A. Gould , M. Dominik , F. Abe , D. P. Bennett , I. A. Bond , C. S. Botzler , K. Furusawa , F. Hayashi , J. B. Hearnshaw , S. Hosaka , Y. Itow , K. Kamiya , P. M. Kilmartin , A. Korpela , W. Lin , C. H. Ling , S. Makita , K. Masuda , Y. Matsubara , N. Miyake , Y. Muraki , K. Nishimoto , K. Ohnishi , Y. C. Perrott , N. Rattenbury , To. Saito , L. Skuljan , D. J. Sullivan , D. Suzuki , W. L. Sweatman , P. J. Tristram , K. Wada , P. C. M. Yock , M. K. Szymański , M. Kubiak , G. Pietrzyński , I. Soszyński , O. Szewczyk , Ł. Wyrzykowski , K. Ulaczyk , M. Bos , G. W. Christie , D. L. Depoy , A. Gal-Yam , B. S. Gaudi , S. Kaspi , C. -U. Lee , D. Maoz , J. McCormick , B. Monard , D. Moorhouse , R. W. Pogge , D. Polishook , Y. Shvartzvald , A. Shporer , G. Thornley , J. C. Yee , M. D. Albrow , V. Batista , S. Brillant , A. Cassan , A. Cole , E. Corrales , Ch. Coutures , S. Dieters , P. Fouqué , J. Greenhill , J. Menzies , A. Allan , D. M. Bramich , P. Browne , K. Horne , N. Kains , C. Snodgrass , I. Steele , Y. Tsapras , V. Bozza , M. J. Burgdorf , S. Calchi Novati , S. Dreizler , F. Finet , M. Glitrup , F. Grundahl , K. Harpsøe , F. V. Hessman , T. C. Hinse , M. Hundertmark , U. G. Jørgensen , C. Liebig , G. Maier , L. Mancini , M. Mathiasen , S. Rahvar , D. Ricci , G. Scarpetta , J. Skottfelt , J. Surdej , J. Southworth , J. Wambsganss , F. Zimmer

The Nature of Parallax Microlensing Events Towards the Galactic Bulge

Perhaps as many as 30 parallax microlensing events are known, thanks to the efforts of the MACHO, OGLE, EROS and MOA experiments monitoring the bulge. Using Galactic models, we construct mock catalogues of microlensing light curves towards…

天体物理学 · 物理学 2009-11-11 M. C. Smith , V. Belokurov , N. W. Evans , S. Mao , J. H. An

A Reanalysis of Public Galactic Bulge Gravitational Microlensing Events from OGLE-III and IV

Modern surveys of gravitational microlensing events have progressed to detecting thousands per year. Surveys are capable of probing Galactic structure, stellar evolution, lens populations, black hole physics, and the nature of dark matter.…

星系天体物理 · 物理学 2023-05-10 Nathan Golovich , William A. Dawson , Fran Bartolić , Casey Y. Lam , Jessica R. Lu , Michael S. Medford , Michael D. Schneider , George Chapline , Edward F. Schlafly , Alex Drlica-Wagner , Kerianne Pruett

OGLE-2003-BLG-262: Finite-Source Effects from a Point-Mass Lens

We analyze OGLE-2003-BLG-262, a relatively short, t_E=12.5+-0.1day, microlensing event generated by a point-mass lens transiting the face of a K giant source in the Galactic bulge. We use the resulting finite-source effects to measure the…

天体物理学 · 物理学 2019-08-17 Jaiyul Yoo , D. L. DePoy , A. Gal-Yam , B. S. Gaudi , A. Gould , C. Han , Y. Lipkin , D. Maoz , E. O. Ofek , B. -G. Park , R. W. Pogge , A. Udalski , I. Soszynski , L. Wyrzykowski , M. Kubiak , M. Szymanski , G. Pietrzynski , O. Szewczyk , K. Zebrun

Four binary microlenses with directly measured masses

We investigated binary lens events from the 2022-2024 microlensing surveys, aiming to identify events suitable for lens mass measurements. We focused on two key light curve features: distinct caustic spikes with resolved crossings for…

天体物理仪器与方法 · 物理学 2025-08-18 Cheongho Han , Andrzej Udalski , Chung-Uk Lee , Ian A. Bond , Michael D. Albrow , Sun-Ju Chung , Andrew Gould , Youn Kil Jung , Kyu-Ha Hwang , Yoon-Hyun Ryu , Yossi Shvartzvald , In-Gu Shin , Jennifer C. Yee , Weicheng Zang , Hongjing Yang , Sang-Mok Cha , Doeon Kim , Dong-Jin Kim , Seung-Lee Kim , Dong-Joo Lee , Yongseok Lee , Byeong-Gon Park , Richard W. Pogge , Przemek Mróz , Michał K. Szymański , Jan Skowron , Radosław Poleski , Igor Soszyński , Paweł Pietrukowicz , Szymon Kozłowski , Krzysztof A. Rybicki , Patryk Iwanek , Krzysztof Ulaczyk , Marcin Wrona , Mariusz Gromadzki , Mateusz J. Mróz , Michał Jaroszyński , Marcin Kiraga , Fumio Abe , David P. Bennett , Aparna Bhattacharya , Akihiko Fukui , Ryusei Hamada , Stela Ishitani Silva , Yuki Hirao , Naoki Koshimoto , Yutaka Matsubara , Shota Miyazaki , Yasushi Muraki , Tutumi Nagai , Kansuke Nunota , Greg Olmschenk , Clément Ranc , Nicholas J. Rattenbury , Yuki Satoh , Takahiro Sumi , Daisuke Suzuki , Sean K. Terry , Paul J. Tristram , Aikaterini Vandorou , Hibiki Yama

Parallax Microlensing Events in the OGLE II Database Toward the Galactic Bulge

We present a systematic search for parallax microlensing events among a total of 512 microlensing candidates in the OGLE II database for the 1997-1999 seasons. We fit each microlensing candidate with both the standard microlensing model and…

天体物理学 · 物理学 2009-11-07 M. C. Smith , S. Mao , P. R. Wozniak

First microlens mass measurement: PLANET photometry of EROS BLG-2000-5

We analyze PLANET photometric observations of the caustic-crossing binary-lens microlensing event, EROS BLG-2000-5, and find that modeling the observed light curve requires incorporation of the microlens parallax and the binary orbital…

天体物理学 · 物理学 2008-11-26 Jin H. An , M. D. Albrow , J. -P. Beaulieu , J. A. R. Caldwell , D. L. DePoy , M. Dominik , B. S. Gaudi , A. Gould , J. Greenhill , K. Hill , S. Kane , R. Martin , J. Menzies , R. W. Pogge , K. R. Pollard , P. D. Sackett , K. C. Sahu , P. Vermaak , R. Watson , A. Williams

Binary Source Microlensing Event OGLE-2016-BLG-0733: Interpretation of A Long-term Asymmetric Perturbation

In the process of analyzing an observed light curve, one often confronts various scenarios that can mimic the planetary signals causing difficulties in the accurate interpretation of the lens system. In this paper, we present the analysis…

太阳与恒星天体物理 · 物理学 2017-03-08 Y. K. Jung , A. Udalski , J. C. Yee , T. Sumi , A. Gould , C. Han , M. D. Albrow , C. -U. Lee , S. -L. Kim , S. -J. Chung , K. -H. Hwang , Y. -H. Ryu , I. -G. Shin , W. Zhu , S. -M. Cha , D. -J. Kim , Y. Lee , B. -G. Park , R. W. Pogge , P. Pietrukowicz , S. Kozlowski , R. Poleski , J. Skowron , P. Mroz , M. K. Szymanski , I. Soszynski , M. Pawlak , K. Ulaczyk , F. Abe , D. P. Bennett , R. Barry , I. A. Bond , Y. Asakura , A. Bhattacharya , M. Donachie , M. Freeman , A. Fukui , Y. Hirao , Y. Itow , N. Koshimoto , M. C. A. Li , C. H. Ling , K. Masuda , Y. Matsubara , Y. Muraki , M. Nagakane , H. Oyokawa , A. Sharan , D. J. Sullivan , D. Suzuki , P. J. Tristram , T. Yamada , T. Yamada , A. Yonehara

OGLE-2009-BLG-023/MOA-2009-BLG-028: Characterization of a Binary Microlensing Event Based on Survey Data

We report the result of the analysis of the light curve of a caustic-crossing binary-lens microlensing event OGLE-2009-BLG-023/MOA-2009-BLG-028. Even though the event was observed solely by survey experiments, we could uniquely determine…

太阳与恒星天体物理 · 物理学 2015-05-28 K. -H. Hwang , C. Han , A. Udalski , T. Sumi , A. Gould , M. Jaroszynski , M. Kubiak , M. K. Szymanski , G. Pietrzynski , I. Soszynski , O. Szewczyk , K. Ulaczyk , L. Wyrzykowski , F. Abe , D. P. Bennett , I. A. Bond , C. S. Botzler , M. Freeman , A. Fukui , K. Furusawa , J. B. Hearnshaw , Y. Itow , K. Kamiya , P. M. Kilmartin , A. Korpela , W. Lin , C. H. Ling , K. Masuda , Y. Matsubara , N. Miyake , Y. Muraki , K. Ohnishi , Y. C. Perrott , N. J. Rattenbury , To. Saito , T. Sako , D. J. Sullivan , W. L. Sweatman , P. J. Tristram , P. C. M. Yock

First assessment of the binary lens OGLE-2015_BLG-0232

We present an analysis of the microlensing event OGLE-2015-BLG-0232. This event is challenging to characterize for two reasons. First, the light curve is not well sampled during the caustic crossing due to the proximity of the full Moon…

地球与行星天体物理 · 物理学 2019-01-09 E. Bachelet , V. Bozza , C. Han , A. Udalski , I. A. Bond , J. -P. Beaulieu , R. A. Street , J. -I Kim , D. M. Bramich , A. Cassan , M. Dominik , R. Figuera Jaimes , K. Horne , M. Hundertmark , S. Mao , J. Menzies , C. Ranc , R. Schmidt , C. Snodgrass , I. A. Steele , Y. Tsapras , J. Wambsganss , P. Mróz , I. Soszyński , M. K. Szymański , J. Skowron , P. Pietrukowicz , S. Kozłowski , R. Poleski , K. Ulaczyk , M. Pawlak , F. Abe , R. Barry , D. P. Bennett , A. Bhattacharya , M. Donachie , A. Fukui , Y. Hirao , Y. Itow , K. Kawasaki , I. Kondo , N. Koshimoto , M. Cheung Alex Li , Y. Matsubara , Y. Muraki , S. Miyazaki , M. Nagakane , N. J. Rattenbury , H. Suematsu , D. J. Sullivan , T. Sumi , D. Suzuki , P. J. Tristram , A. Yonehara

Gravitational Binary-lens Events with Prominent Effects of Lens Orbital Motion

Gravitational microlensing events produced by lenses composed of binary masses are important because they provide a major channel to determine physical parameters of lenses. In this work, we analyze the light curves of two binary-lens…

太阳与恒星天体物理 · 物理学 2015-06-16 H. Park , A. Udalski , C. Han , A. Gould , J. -P. Beaulieu , Y. Tsapras , M. K. Szymański , M. Kubiak , I. Soszyński , G. Pietrzyński , R. Poleski , K. Ulaczyk , P. Pietrukowicz , S. Kozłowski , J. Skowron , Ł. Wyrzykowski , J. -Y. Choi , D. L. Depoy , Subo Dong , B. S. Gaudi , K. -H. Hwang , Y. K. Jung , A. Kavka , C. -U. Lee , L. A. G. Monard , B. -G. Park , R. W. Pogge , I. Porritt , I. -G. Shin , J. C. Yee , M. D. Albrow , D. P. Bennett , J. A. R. Caldwell , A. Cassan , C. Coutures , D. Dominis , J. Donatowicz , P. Fouqué , J. Greenhill , M. Huber , U. G. Jørgensen , S. Kane , D. Kubas , J. -B. Marquette , J. Menzies , C. Pitrou , K. R. Pollard , K. C. Sahu , J. Wambsganss , A. Williams , M. Zub , A. Allan , D. M. Bramich , P. Browne , M. Dominik , K. Horne , M. Hundertmark , N. Kains , C. Snodgrass , I. A. Steele , R. A. Street

Ground-based parallax confirmed by Spitzer: binary microlensing event MOA-2015-BLG-020

We present the analysis of the binary gravitational microlensing event MOA-2015-BLG-020. The event has a fairly long timescale (about 63 days) and thus the light curve deviates significantly from the lensing model that is based on the…

太阳与恒星天体物理 · 物理学 2017-08-30 Tianshu Wang , Wei Zhu , Shude Mao , I. A. Bond , A. Gould , A. Udalski , T. Sumi , V. Bozza , C. Ranc , A. Cassan , J. C. Yee , C. Han , F. Abe , Y. Asakura , R. Barry , D. P. Bennett , A. Bhattacharya , M. Donachie , P. Evans , A. Fukui , Y. Hirao , Y. Itow , K. Kawasaki , N. Koshimoto , M. C. A. Li , C. H. Ling , K. Masuda , Y. Matsubara , S. Miyazaki , Y. Muraki , M. Nagakane , K. Ohnishi , N. Rattenbury , To. Saito , A. Sharan , H. Shibai , D. J. Sullivan , D. Suzuki , P. J. Tristram , T. Yamada , A. Yonehara , M. Pawlak , P. Pietrukowicz , R. Poleski , J. Skowron , I. Soszynski , S. KozLowski , P. Mroz , K. Ulaczyk , M. K. Szymanski , C. Beichman , G. Bryden , S. Calchi Novati , S. Carey , M. Fausnaugh , B. S. Gaudi , C. B. Henderson , Y. Shvartzvald , B. Wibking , M. D. Albrow , S. -J. Chung , K. -H. Hwang , Y. K. Jung , Y. -H. Ryu , I. -G. Shin , S. -M. Cha , D. -J. Kim , H. -W. Kim , S. -L. Kim , C. -U. Lee , Y. Yee , B. -G. Park , R. W. Pogge , R. A. Street , Y. Tsapras , M. Hundertmark , E. Bachelet , M. Dominik , K. Horne , R. Figuera Jaimes , J. Wambsganss , D. M. Bramich , R. Schmidt , C. Snodgrass , I. A. Steele , J. Menzies