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While isolated neutron stars (INSs) are among the brightest gamma-ray sources, they are among the faintest ones in the optical, and their study is a challenging task which require the most powerful telescopes. HST has lead neutron star…

Since its launch in 1990, HST has played a leading role in optical studies of isolated neutron stars, both radio-loud pulsars and radio-silent ones, paving the way to follow-up observations performed with 8m-class telescopes, like the VLT,…

HST observations have contributed significantly to our knowledge on the behaviour of Isolated Neutron Stars (INSs) as optical emitters. First, HST has been instrumental both to discover new optical counterparts (PSR B1055-52, PSR B1929+10,…

New results of HST and VLT observations of isolated pulsars and their environments are presented. We present the first deep optical observations of the nearby pulsar PSR J0108-1431, the identification evidence of PSR 1929+10 based on the…

Being fast rotating objects, isolated neutron stars (INSs) are obvious targets for high-time resolution observations. With the number of optical/UV/IR INS detections now increased to 24, timing observations become more and more important in…

So far, 24 Isolated neutron stars (INSs) of different types have been identified at optical wavelengths, from the classical radio pulsars to more peculiar objects, like the magnetars. Most identifications have been obtained in the last 20…

The masses of stars including stellar remnants are almost exclusively known from binary systems. In this work, we study gravitational microlensing of faint background galaxies by isolated neutron stars (pulsars). We show that the resulting…

The state of the art of optical studies of Isolated Neutron Stars (INSs) and their Pulsar Wind Nebulae (PWNe) is reviewed. In addition, results obtained from recent HST and VLT observations are presented and discussed.

Ultraviolet (UV) planetary astronomy is a unique tool to probe planetary environments of the solar system and beyond. But despite a rising interest for new generation giant UV telescopes regularly proposed to international agencies, none…

The quest for the distance of the Vela and Geminga pulsars yielded, so far, a set of four WFPC2 images for each object. The availability of couples of images taken at the same period of the year, thus affected by the same parallactic…

Forty years have gone by since the optical identification of the Crab pulsar (PSR B0531+21), and 25 isolated neutron stars of different types have been now identified. Observations with ESO telescopes historically played a pivotal role in…

Being fast rotating objects, Isolated Neutron Stars (INSs) are natural targets for high-time resolution observations across the whole electromagnetic spectrum. With the number of objects detected at optical (plus ultraviolet and infrared)…

Because of their unique quality, Hubble Space Telescope (HST) data have played an important complementary role in studies of infrared (IR) galaxies conducted with major facilities, as VLT or Spitzer, and will be as well very valuable for…

Only 1% of the Isolated Neutron Star (INS) population has been identified in the optical, albeit with different degrees of confidence. Optical observations of INSs are reviewed and their emission properties discussed in an evolutionary…

We briefly review selected results in astrophysics of neutron stars (NSs) obtained during the last two years, focusing on isolated radioquiet objects. We discuss in some details population synthesis of close-by isolated NSs, spectra of…

We investigate the chances that neutron stars act as the lense in a gravitational microlensing event towards the galactic bulge or a spiral arm. The observation of neutron stars by means of gravitational microlensing would allow the…

Although less than 1% of all radio pulsars are detected at optical wavelengths, their optical emission can yield a wealth of information that is either very difficult or plainly impossible to obtain at other wavelengths.

Neutron stars are the densest, directly observable stellar objects in the universe and serve as unique astrophysical laboratories to study the behavior of matter under extreme physical conditions. This book chapter is devoted to describing…

About 25 isolated neutron stars (INSs) are now detected in the optical domain, mainly thanks to the HST and to VLT-class telescopes. The European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT) will yield ~100 new identifications, many of which from the…

The existence of neutron stars was not confirmed until the discovery of pulsars at radio wavelengths in late 1960s. Since then, these highly compact and magnetized objects have been observed across the electromagnetic spectrum, and widely…