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Generative inference in Large Language Models (LLMs) is impeded by the growing memory demands of Key-Value (KV) cache, especially for longer sequences. Traditional KV cache eviction strategies, which discard less critical KV pairs based on…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-03-14 Zhongwei Wan , Xinjian Wu , Yu Zhang , Yi Xin , Chaofan Tao , Zhihong Zhu , Xin Wang , Siqi Luo , Jing Xiong , Longyue Wang , Mi Zhang

Large language models have revolutionized data processing in numerous domains, with their ability to handle extended context reasoning receiving notable recognition. To speed up inference, maintaining a key-value (KV) cache memory is…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-10-22 Zhen Yang , J. N. Han , Kan Wu , Ruobing Xie , An Wang , Xingwu Sun , Zhanhui Kang

The deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) on edge devices is fundamentally constrained by the "Memory Wall" the bottleneck where data movement latency outstrips arithmetic throughput. Standard inference runtimes often incur significant…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-01-08 Bugra Kilictas , Faruk Alpay

The Key-Value (KV) cache is central to the efficiency of transformer-based large language models (LLMs), storing previously computed vectors to accelerate inference. Yet, as sequence length and batch size grow, the cache becomes a major…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-12-08 Damien Lesens , Beheshteh T. Rakhshan , Guillaume Rabusseau

Token representation strategies within large-scale neural architectures often rely on contextually refined embeddings, yet conventional approaches seldom encode structured relationships explicitly within token interactions. Self-attention…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-03-27 James Blades , Frederick Somerfield , William Langley , Susan Everingham , Maurice Witherington

Recent large language model applications, such as Retrieval-Augmented Generation and chatbots, have led to an increased need to process longer input contexts. However, this requirement is hampered by inherent limitations. Architecturally,…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2024-08-14 Giulio Corallo , Paolo Papotti

Training large language models (LLMs) in the cloud faces growing memory bottlenecks due to the limited capacity and high cost of GPUs. While GPU memory offloading to CPU and NVMe has made large-scale training more feasible, existing…

分布式、并行与集群计算 · 计算机科学 2025-11-19 Sabiha Afroz , Redwan Ibne Seraj Khan , Hadeel Albahar , Jingoo Han , Ali R. Butt

Long chain-of-thought reasoning and agentic tool-calling produce traces spanning tens of thousands of tokens, yet Transformer KV caches grow linearly with sequence length, creating a memory bottleneck on commodity hardware. State-space…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-05-11 Anupama Sridhar , Alexander Johansen

Transformers process tokens in parallel but are temporally shallow: at position $t$, each layer attends to key-value pairs computed based on the previous layer, yielding a depth capped by the number of layers. Recurrent models offer…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-04-24 Costin-Andrei Oncescu , Depen Morwani , Samy Jelassi , Alexandru Meterez , Mujin Kwun , Sham Kakade

Key-value (KV) caching is widely used to accelerate transformer inference, but its memory cost grows linearly with input length, limiting long-context deployment. Existing token eviction methods reduce memory by discarding less important…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-03-24 Ruijie Miao , Zhiming Wang , Wang Li , Shiwei Wu , Shufan Liu , Yanbing Jiang , Tong Yang

Autoregressive Transformers rely on Key-Value (KV) caching to accelerate inference. However, the linear growth of the KV cache with context length leads to excessive memory consumption and bandwidth constraints. This bottleneck is…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-06-10 Ravi Ghadia , Avinash Kumar , Gaurav Jain , Prashant Nair , Poulami Das

Large Language Models (LLMs) based on autoregressive, decoder-only Transformers generate text one token at a time, where a token represents a discrete unit of text. As each newly produced token is appended to the partial output sequence,…

分布式、并行与集群计算 · 计算机科学 2025-05-06 Dimitrios Kafetzis , Ramin Khalili , Iordanis Koutsopoulos

Recently, self-attention models such as Transformers have given competitive results compared to recurrent neural network systems in speech recognition. The key factor for the outstanding performance of self-attention models is their ability…

音频与语音处理 · 电气工程与系统科学 2020-05-29 Shucong Zhang , Erfan Loweimi , Peter Bell , Steve Renals

Neural networks equipped with self-attention have parallelizable computation, light-weight structure, and the ability to capture both long-range and local dependencies. Further, their expressive power and performance can be boosted by using…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2019-03-27 Tao Shen , Tianyi Zhou , Guodong Long , Jing Jiang , Chengqi Zhang

Memory consumption of the Key-Value (KV) cache represents a major bottleneck for efficient large language model inference. While attention-score-based KV cache pruning shows promise, it faces critical practical limitations: attention scores…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2025-10-02 Alessio Devoto , Maximilian Jeblick , Simon Jégou

Efficient key-value (KV) cache compression is critical for scaling transformer-based Large Language Models (LLMs) in long sequences and resource-limited settings. Existing methods evict tokens based on their positions or importance scores,…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-05-19 Ziwei He , Jian Yuan , Haoli Bai , Jingwen Leng , Bo Jiang

With the advancements in long-context inference capabilities of large language models (LLMs), the KV cache has become one of the foundational components. However, its substantial GPU memory consumption makes KV cache compression a key…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-03-28 Youhui Zuo , Sibo Wei , Chen Zhang , Zhuorui Liu , Wenpeng Lu , Dawei Song

The deployment of large language models (LLMs) is often hindered by the extensive memory requirements of the Key-Value (KV) cache, especially as context lengths increase. Existing approaches to reduce the KV cache size involve either…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-11-05 Alessio Devoto , Yu Zhao , Simone Scardapane , Pasquale Minervini

Recursion is a prominent feature of human language, and fundamentally challenging for self-attention due to the lack of an explicit recursive-state tracking mechanism. Consequently, Transformer language models poorly capture long-tail…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2023-10-31 Shikhar Murty , Pratyusha Sharma , Jacob Andreas , Christopher D. Manning

The scalability of large language models for long-context reasoning is severely constrained by the linear growth of their Transformer key-value cache, which incurs significant memory and computational costs. We posit that as a model…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-12-30 Giovanni Monea , Yair Feldman , Shankar Padmanabhan , Kianté Brantley , Yoav Artzi