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Multiple instance learning (MIL) is the dominant framework for whole-slide image analysis in computational pathology, typically combining a frozen patch encoder, a projection layer, and a slide-level aggregator. While encoders and…

定量方法 · 定量生物学 2026-05-19 Yucheng Xing , Pei Liu , Jingying Ma , Ruping Hong , Jiangdong Qiu , Tianyu Liu , Kai He , Ling Huang , Mengling Feng

Whole slide images (WSIs) are the gold standard for pathological diagnosis and sub-typing. Current main-stream two-step frameworks employ offline feature encoders trained without domain-specific knowledge. Among them, attention-based…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2026-02-17 Mingrui Ma , Chentao Li , Pan Huang , Jing Qin

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has emerged as the best solution for Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification. It consists of dividing each slide into patches, which are treated as a bag of instances labeled with a global label. MIL includes…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-05-05 Ali Mammadov , Loic Le Folgoc , Julien Adam , Anne Buronfosse , Gilles Hayem , Guillaume Hocquet , Pietro Gori

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has been widely applied in pathology towards solving critical problems such as automating cancer diagnosis and grading, predicting patient prognosis, and therapy response. Deploying these models in a…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2022-10-18 Syed Ashar Javed , Dinkar Juyal , Harshith Padigela , Amaro Taylor-Weiner , Limin Yu , Aaditya Prakash

Since the emergence of the ImageNet dataset, the pretraining and fine-tuning approach has become widely adopted in computer vision due to the ability of ImageNet-pretrained models to learn a wide variety of visual features. However, a…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2024-10-22 Pablo Meseguer , Rocío del Amor , Adrian Colomer , Valery Naranjo

Multiple instance learning (MIL) has emerged as a popular method for classifying histopathology whole slide images (WSIs). Existing approaches typically rely on frozen pre-trained models to extract instance features, neglecting the…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2024-03-20 Yi Lin , Zhengjie Zhu , Kwang-Ting Cheng , Hao Chen

Multiple Instance learning (MIL) models have been extensively used in pathology to predict biomarkers and risk-stratify patients from gigapixel-sized images. Machine learning problems in medical imaging often deal with rare diseases, making…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2023-09-12 Dinkar Juyal , Siddhant Shingi , Syed Ashar Javed , Harshith Padigela , Chintan Shah , Anand Sampat , Archit Khosla , John Abel , Amaro Taylor-Weiner

Computational pathology holds substantial promise for improving diagnosis and guiding treatment decisions. Recent pathology foundation models enable the extraction of rich patch-level representations from large-scale whole-slide images…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-11-20 Xiangde Luo , Jinxi Xiang , Yuanfeng Ji , Ruijiang Li

While Large Language Models (LLMs) are emerging as a promising direction in computational pathology, the substantial computational cost of giga-pixel Whole Slide Images (WSIs) necessitates the use of Multi-Instance Learning (MIL) to enable…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-11-12 Zhenfeng Zhuang , Fangyu Zhou , Liansheng Wang

Weakly supervised whole slide image classification is usually formulated as a multiple instance learning (MIL) problem, where each slide is treated as a bag, and the patches cut out of it are treated as instances. Existing methods either…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2024-05-14 Linhao Qu , Yingfan Ma , Xiaoyuan Luo , Manning Wang , Zhijian Song

In this paper, we address the challenge of few-shot classification in histopathology whole slide images (WSIs) by utilizing foundational vision-language models (VLMs) and slide-level prompt learning. Given the gigapixel scale of WSIs,…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-03-24 Devavrat Tomar , Guillaume Vray , Dwarikanath Mahapatra , Sudipta Roy , Jean-Philippe Thiran , Behzad Bozorgtabar

Analyzing high resolution whole slide images (WSIs) with regard to information across multiple scales poses a significant challenge in digital pathology. Multi-instance learning (MIL) is a common solution for working with high resolution…

Whole-slide images (WSIs) are an important data modality in computational pathology, yet their gigapixel resolution and lack of fine-grained annotations challenge conventional deep learning models. Multiple instance learning (MIL) offers a…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-12-22 Qian Zeng , Yihui Wang , Shu Yang , Yingxue Xu , Fengtao Zhou , Jiabo Ma , Dejia Cai , Zhengyu Zhang , Lijuan Qu , Yu Wang , Li Liang , Hao Chen

Whole slide images (WSIs) enable weakly supervised prognostic modeling via multiple instance learning (MIL). Spatial transcriptomics (ST) preserves in situ gene expression, providing a spatial molecular context that complements morphology.…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2026-02-16 Lihe Liu , Xiaoxi Pan , Yinyin Yuan , Lulu Shang

Convolutional neural networks can be trained to perform histology slide classification using weak annotations with multiple instance learning (MIL). However, given the paucity of labeled histology data, direct application of MIL can easily…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2019-11-05 Ming Y. Lu , Richard J. Chen , Jingwen Wang , Debora Dillon , Faisal Mahmood

Whole Slide Images (WSIs) are typically analyzed using multiple instance learning (MIL) methods. However, the scale and heterogeneity of WSIs generate highly redundant and dispersed information, making it difficult to identify and integrate…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-12-23 Yueting Zhu , Yuehao Song , Shuai Zhang , Wenyu Liu , Xinggang Wang

The emergence of foundation models in computational pathology has transformed histopathological image analysis, with whole slide imaging (WSI) diagnosis being a core application. Traditionally, weakly supervised fine-tuning via multiple…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-03-03 Jiawen Li , Jiali Hu , Qiehe Sun , Renao Yan , Minxi Ouyang , Tian Guan , Anjia Han , Chao He , Yonghong He

Histopathology whole slide images (WSIs) play a very important role in clinical studies and serve as the gold standard for many cancer diagnoses. However, generating automatic tools for processing WSIs is challenging due to their enormous…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2022-09-28 Jingwei Zhang , Xin Zhang , Ke Ma , Rajarsi Gupta , Joel Saltz , Maria Vakalopoulou , Dimitris Samaras

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) and transformers are increasingly popular in histopathology Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification. However, unlike human pathologists who selectively observe specific regions of histopathology tissues under…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2023-07-18 Conghao Xiong , Hao Chen , Joseph J. Y. Sung , Irwin King

Multiple Instance Learning is the predominant method for Whole Slide Image classification in digital pathology, enabling the use of slide-level labels to supervise model training. Although MIL eliminates the tedious fine-grained annotation…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-05-28 Chen Shu , Boyu Fu , Yiman Li , Ting Yin , Wenchuan Zhang , Jie Chen , Yuhao Yi , Hong Bu