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Natural language processing (NLP) methods for analyzing legal text offer legal scholars and practitioners a range of tools allowing to empirically analyze law on a large scale. However, researchers seem to struggle when it comes to…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2021-05-26 Dimitrios Tsarapatsanis , Nikolaos Aletras

With extensive pre-trained knowledge and high-level general capabilities, large language models (LLMs) emerge as a promising avenue to augment reinforcement learning (RL) in aspects such as multi-task learning, sample efficiency, and…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-11-21 Yuji Cao , Huan Zhao , Yuheng Cheng , Ting Shu , Yue Chen , Guolong Liu , Gaoqi Liang , Junhua Zhao , Jinyue Yan , Yun Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing, but their susceptibility to biases poses significant challenges. This comprehensive review examines the landscape of bias in LLMs, from its origins to current…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-05-04 Yufei Guo , Muzhe Guo , Juntao Su , Zhou Yang , Mengqiu Zhu , Hongfei Li , Mengyang Qiu , Shuo Shuo Liu

In the rapidly evolving landscape of Large Language Models (LLMs), introduction of well-defined and standardized evaluation methodologies remains a crucial challenge. This paper traces the historical trajectory of LLM evaluations, from the…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2023-11-06 Alexey Tikhonov , Ivan P. Yamshchikov

The advancement of large language models (LLMs) has outpaced traditional evaluation methodologies. This progress presents novel challenges, such as measuring human-like psychological constructs, moving beyond static and task-specific…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-03-12 Haoran Ye , Jing Jin , Yuhang Xie , Xin Zhang , Guojie Song

Large Language Models (LLMs) are advancing at an amazing speed and have become indispensable across academia, industry, and daily applications. To keep pace with the status quo, this survey probes the core challenges that the rise of LLMs…

This paper establishes the first comprehensive review of Large Language Models (LLMs) applied within the legal domain. It pioneers an innovative dual lens taxonomy that integrates legal reasoning frameworks and professional ontologies to…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-07-11 Peizhang Shao , Linrui Xu , Jinxi Wang , Wei Zhou , Xingyu Wu

The exponential increase in scientific literature and online information necessitates efficient methods for extracting knowledge from textual data. Natural language processing (NLP) plays a crucial role in addressing this challenge,…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-10-22 Zhyar Rzgar K. Rostam , Gábor Kertész

In this position paper, we argue that the classical evaluation on Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks using annotated benchmarks is in trouble. The worst kind of data contamination happens when a Large Language Model (LLM) is trained on…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2023-10-30 Oscar Sainz , Jon Ander Campos , Iker García-Ferrero , Julen Etxaniz , Oier Lopez de Lacalle , Eneko Agirre

Beyond individual languages, multilingual natural language processing (NLP) research increasingly aims to develop models that perform well across languages generally. However, evaluating these systems on all the world's languages is…

Natural Language Processing prides itself to be an empirically-minded, if not outright empiricist field, and yet lately it seems to get itself into essentialist debates on issues of meaning and measurement ("Do Large Language Models…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2023-10-30 David Schlangen

The impressive performance of large language models (LLMs) has attracted considerable attention from the academic and industrial communities. Besides how to construct and train LLMs, how to effectively evaluate and compare the capacity of…

信息检索 · 计算机科学 2024-06-04 Zhumin Chu , Qingyao Ai , Yiteng Tu , Haitao Li , Yiqun Liu

Assessing instruction quality is a fundamental component of any improvement efforts in the education system. However, traditional manual assessments are expensive, subjective, and heavily dependent on observers' expertise and idiosyncratic…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-01-03 Paiheng Xu , Jing Liu , Nathan Jones , Julie Cohen , Wei Ai

Algorithm design is crucial for effective problem-solving across various domains. The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) has notably enhanced the automation and innovation within this field, offering new perspectives and promising…

The field of explainable natural language processing (NLP) has grown rapidly in recent years. The growing opacity of complex models calls for transparency and explanations of their decisions, which is crucial to understand their reasoning…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-08-14 Mahdi Dhaini , Tobias Müller , Roksoliana Rabets , Gjergji Kasneci

The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) in medicine has enabled impressive capabilities, yet a critical gap remains in their ability to perform systematic, transparent, and verifiable reasoning, a cornerstone of clinical practice.…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-08-04 Wenxuan Wang , Zizhan Ma , Meidan Ding , Shiyi Zheng , Shengyuan Liu , Jie Liu , Jiaming Ji , Wenting Chen , Xiang Li , Linlin Shen , Yixuan Yuan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently demonstrated remarkable capabilities in natural language processing tasks and beyond. This success of LLMs has led to a large influx of research contributions in this direction. These works…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-10-18 Humza Naveed , Asad Ullah Khan , Shi Qiu , Muhammad Saqib , Saeed Anwar , Muhammad Usman , Naveed Akhtar , Nick Barnes , Ajmal Mian

Recent advances in generative AI have led to remarkable interest in using systems that rely on large language models (LLMs) for practical applications. However, meaningful evaluation of these systems in real-world scenarios comes with a…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2025-07-22 Ethan M. Rudd , Christopher Andrews , Philip Tully

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has brought a pressing challenge: how to reliably assess hallucinations to guarantee model trustworthiness. Although Automatic Hallucination Evaluation (AHE) has become an indispensable…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-10-22 Siya Qi , Lin Gui , Yulan He , Zheng Yuan

There have been rapid advancements in the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) in recent years, greatly revolutionizing the field of natural language processing (NLP) and artificial intelligence (AI) to understand and interact with…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-09-26 Zeyneb N. Kaya , Souvick Ghosh