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Key-value (KV) caching plays an essential role in accelerating decoding for transformer-based autoregressive large language models (LLMs). However, the amount of memory required to store the KV cache can become prohibitive at long sequence…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-05-22 William Brandon , Mayank Mishra , Aniruddha Nrusimha , Rameswar Panda , Jonathan Ragan Kelly

Key-Value (KV) cache has become a bottleneck of LLMs for long-context generation. Despite the numerous efforts in this area, the optimization for the decoding phase is generally ignored. However, we believe such optimization is crucial,…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-06-04 Jialong Wu , Zhenglin Wang , Linhai Zhang , Yilong Lai , Yulan He , Deyu Zhou

Many computational factors limit broader deployment of large language models. In this paper, we focus on a memory bottleneck imposed by the key-value (KV) cache, a computational shortcut that requires storing previous KV pairs during…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-06-13 Harry Dong , Xinyu Yang , Zhenyu Zhang , Zhangyang Wang , Yuejie Chi , Beidi Chen

Long Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning has significantly advanced the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), but this progress is accompanied by substantial memory and latency overhead from the extensive Key-Value (KV) cache. Although…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-12-23 Tao Zhang , Ziqian Zeng , Hao Peng , Huiping Zhuang , Cen Chen

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional capabilities in generating text, images, and video content. However, as context length grows, the computational cost of attention increases quadratically with the number of tokens,…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-04-23 Neusha Javidnia , Bita Darvish Rouhani , Farinaz Koushanfar

Large language models have revolutionized natural language processing but face significant challenges of high storage and runtime costs, due to the transformer architecture's reliance on self-attention, particularly the large KV cache for…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-05-29 Yuan Feng , Junlin Lv , Haoyu Guo , Yukun Cao , S Kevin Zhou , Xike Xie

Key-value (KV) cache memory management is the primary bottleneck limiting throughput and cost-efficiency in large-scale GPU inference serving. Current systems suffer from three compounding inefficiencies: (1) the absence of unified KV cache…

硬件体系结构 · 计算机科学 2026-05-01 Sanjeev Rao Ganjihal

A critical approach for efficiently deploying computationally demanding large language models (LLMs) is Key-Value (KV) caching. The KV cache stores key-value states of previously generated tokens, significantly reducing the need for…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-09-10 Akide Liu , Jing Liu , Zizheng Pan , Yefei He , Gholamreza Haffari , Bohan Zhuang

Long-context language modeling is increasingly constrained by the Key-Value (KV) cache, whose memory and decode-time access costs scale linearly with the prefix length. This bottleneck has motivated a range of context-compression methods,…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-05-13 Yoav Gelberg , Yam Eitan , Michael Bronstein , Yarin Gal , Haggai Maron

Key-Value (KV) Caching has become an essential technique for accelerating the inference speed and throughput of generative Large Language Models~(LLMs). However, the memory footprint of the KV cache poses a critical bottleneck in LLM…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-02-29 June Yong Yang , Byeongwook Kim , Jeongin Bae , Beomseok Kwon , Gunho Park , Eunho Yang , Se Jung Kwon , Dongsoo Lee

Key-value (KV) caching is widely used to accelerate transformer inference, but its memory cost grows linearly with input length, limiting long-context deployment. Existing token eviction methods reduce memory by discarding less important…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-03-24 Ruijie Miao , Zhiming Wang , Wang Li , Shiwei Wu , Shufan Liu , Yanbing Jiang , Tong Yang

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance on long-context tasks, but are often bottlenecked by memory constraints. Namely, the KV cache, which is used to significantly speed up attention computations, grows…

Context lengths of Large Language Models (LLMs) have exploded in recent years, with 128k-token context becoming a standard and million-token context becoming a reality. Efficiently supporting long-context inference remains challenging as…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-10-08 Isaac Rehg

The increasing size of the Key-Value (KV) cache during the Large Language Models long-context inference is the main obstacle for its balance between the deployment cost and task accuracy. To reduce the KV cache size in such scenarios, most…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-07-25 Manlai Liang , JiaMing Zhang , Xiong Li , Jinlong Li

Key-Value cache (\texttt{KV} \texttt{cache}) compression has emerged as a promising technique to optimize Large Language Model (LLM) serving. It primarily decreases the memory consumption of \texttt{KV} \texttt{cache} to reduce the…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-04-01 Wei Gao , Xinyu Zhou , Peng Sun , Tianwei Zhang , Yonggang Wen

Large Language Models (LLMs) suffer inference-time memory bottlenecks dominated by the attention Key-Value (KV) cache, which scales with model size and context length. While KV-cache quantization alleviates this cost, bit allocation between…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-05-12 Mohsen Hariri , Alan Luo , Weicong Chen , Shaochen Zhong , Tianyi Zhang , Qifan Wang , Xia Hu , Xiaotian Han , Vipin Chaudhary

The key-value (KV) cache in transformer models is a critical component for efficient decoding or inference, yet its memory demands scale poorly with sequence length, posing a major challenge for scalable deployment of large language models.…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-06-06 Vinay Joshi , Pratik Prabhanjan Brahma , Zicheng Liu , Emad Barsoum

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has emerged as a crucial paradigm for unlocking the advanced reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), encompassing frameworks like RLHF and RLAIF. Regardless of the specific optimization algorithm…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-05-11 Rui Zhu , Weiheng Bai , Qiushi Wu , Yang Ren , Haixu Tang , Yuchu Liu

The deployment of large language models (LLMs) is often hindered by the extensive memory requirements of the Key-Value (KV) cache, especially as context lengths increase. Existing approaches to reduce the KV cache size involve either…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-11-05 Alessio Devoto , Yu Zhao , Simone Scardapane , Pasquale Minervini

As large language models (LLMs) process increasing context windows, the memory usage of KV cache has become a critical bottleneck during inference. The mainstream KV compression methods, including KV pruning and KV quantization, primarily…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-02-21 Jiebin Zhang , Dawei Zhu , Yifan Song , Wenhao Wu , Chuqiao Kuang , Xiaoguang Li , Lifeng Shang , Qun Liu , Sujian Li