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The widespread use of software-intensive cyber systems in critical infrastructures such as ships (CyberShips) has brought huge benefits, yet it has also opened new avenues for cyber attacks to potentially disrupt operations. Cyber risk…

As power systems evolve with increased integration of renewable energy sources, they become more complex and vulnerable to both cyber and physical threats. This study validates a centralized Dynamic State Estimation (DSE) algorithm designed…

Cybersecurity risk is commonly expressed through impact and likelihood, yet likelihood remains difficult to estimate because cyber incidents are underreported, heterogeneous datasets are weakly comparable, and attacker behaviour changes…

This study presents a critical review of disclosed, documented, and malicious cybersecurity incidents in the water sector to inform safeguarding efforts against cybersecurity threats. The review is presented within a technical context of…

Cyber risk assessment is a fundamental activity for enhancing the protection of an organization, identifying and evaluating the exposure to cyber threats. Currently, this activity is carried out mainly manually and the identification and…

Risk matrices (heatmaps) are widely used for information and cyber risk management and decision-making, yet they are often too coarse for today's resilience-driven organizational and system landscapes. Likelihood and impact (the two…

Cyber risks are the most common risks encountered by a modern network system. However, it is significantly difficult to assess the joint cyber risk owing to the network topology, risk propagation, and heterogeneities of components. In this…

This paper introduces a two-pillar cyber risk management framework to address the pervasive challenges in managing cyber risk. The first pillar, cyber risk assessment, combines insurance frequency-severity models with cybersecurity cascade…

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) integrate physical and embedded systems with information and communication technology systems, monitoring and controlling physical processes with minimal human intervention. The connection to information and…

Cyber threats affect all kinds of organisations. Risk analysis is an essential methodology for cybersecurity as it allows organisations to deal with the cyber threats potentially affecting them, prioritise the defence of their assets and…

Safety risk assessment is an essential process to ensure a dependable Cyber-Physical System (CPS) design. Traditional risk assessment considers only physical failures. For modern CPS, failures caused by cyber attacks are on the rise. The…

Cybersecurity risk analysis plays an essential role in supporting organizations make effective decision about how to manage and control cybersecurity risk. Cybersecurity risk is a function of the interplay between the defender, i.e., the…

With the growing digital transformation of the worldwide economy, cyber risk has become a major issue. As 1 % of the world's GDP (around $1,000 billion) is allegedly lost to cybercrime every year, IT systems continue to get increasingly…

Cyber adversaries have increasingly leveraged social engineering attacks to breach large organizations and threaten the well-being of today's online users. One clever technique, the "watering hole" attack, compromises a legitimate website…

Cyber risk has become a critical financial threat in today's interconnected digital economy. This paper introduces a cyber-risk management framework for networked digital systems that combines the strategic behavior of players with…

Assessing cyber risk in complex IT infrastructures poses significant challenges due to the dynamic, interconnected nature of digital systems. Traditional methods often fall short, relying on static and largely qualitative models that do not…

We describe a framework and tool specification that represents a step towards cybersecurity testing and monitoring of IoT ecosystems. We begin with challenges from a previous paper and discuss an integrated approach and tools to enable…

Critical infrastructure increasingly relies on interconnected cyber-physical systems whose security incidents can escalate rapidly into safety and operational failures. Existing decision-support approaches struggle to support real-time…

Uncertainties in renewable energy resources (RES) and load variations can lead to elevated system operational costs. Moreover, the emergence of large-scale distributed threats, such as load-altering attacks (LAAs), can induce substantial…

Fooling adversaries with traps such as honeytokens can slow down cyber attacks and create strong indicators of compromise. Unfortunately, cyber deception techniques are often poorly specified. Also, realistically measuring their…