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The popularity of Large Language Models (LLMs) have unleashed a new age ofLanguage Agents for solving a diverse range of tasks. While contemporary frontier LLMs are capable enough to power reasonably good Language agents, the closed-API…

This survey explores the development of meta-thinking capabilities in Large Language Models (LLMs) from a Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) perspective. Meta-thinking self-reflection, assessment, and control of thinking processes is…

Large Language Model (LLM) based agents are powerful yet fundamentally static after deployment, lacking the ability to autonomously expand capabilities, generate new tools, or evolve their reasoning. This work introduces a hierarchical…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-01-21 Indrajit Kar , Sammy Zonunpuia , Zonunfeli Ralte

As LLM agents transition from short, static problem solving to executing complex, long-horizon tasks in dynamic environments, the ability to handle user interruptions, such as adding requirement or revising goals, during mid-task execution…

Large Language Model (LLM) agents show great promise for complex, multi-turn tool-use tasks, but their development is often hampered by the extreme scarcity of high-quality training data. Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) on synthetic data leads…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2026-02-02 Siyuan Lu , Zechuan Wang , Hongxuan Zhang , Qintong Wu , Leilei Gan , Chenyi Zhuang , Jinjie Gu , Tao Lin

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being explored for building Agents capable of active environmental interaction (e.g., via tool use) to solve complex problems. Reinforcement Learning (RL) is considered a key technology with…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-11-19 Mingyue Cheng , Jie Ouyang , Shuo Yu , Ruiran Yan , Yucong Luo , Zirui Liu , Daoyu Wang , Qi Liu , Enhong Chen

Large language models (LLMs) have empowered intelligent agents to execute intricate tasks within domain-specific software such as browsers and games. However, when applied to general-purpose software systems like operating systems, LLM…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2024-02-12 Mingzhe Xing , Rongkai Zhang , Hui Xue , Qi Chen , Fan Yang , Zhen Xiao

Agent self-improvement, where the backbone Large Language Model (LLM) of the agent are trained on trajectories sampled autonomously based on their own policies, has emerged as a promising approach for enhancing performance. Recent…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-08-22 Tianqing Fang , Hongming Zhang , Zhisong Zhang , Kaixin Ma , Wenhao Yu , Haitao Mi , Dong Yu

Reinforcement Learning (RL) plays an important role in the robotic manipulation domain since it allows self-learning from trial-and-error interactions with the environment. Still, sample efficiency and reward specification seriously limit…

机器人学 · 计算机科学 2023-11-07 Kun Chu , Xufeng Zhao , Cornelius Weber , Mengdi Li , Stefan Wermter

Human intelligence involves metacognitive abilities like self-regulation, recognizing limitations, and seeking assistance only when needed. While LLM Agents excel in many domains, they often lack this awareness. Overconfident agents risk…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-02-10 So Yeon Min , Yue Wu , Jimin Sun , Max Kaufmann , Fahim Tajwar , Yonatan Bisk , Ruslan Salakhutdinov

Question answering (QA) plays a central role in financial education, yet existing large language model (LLM) approaches often fail to capture the nuanced and specialized reasoning required for financial problem-solving. The financial domain…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-09-15 Andy Zhu , Yingjun Du

While scaling individual Large Language Models (LLMs) has delivered remarkable progress, the next frontier lies in scaling collaboration through multi-agent systems (MAS). However, purely autonomous MAS remain ''closed-world'' systems,…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2026-03-10 Wei Yang , Defu Cao , Jiacheng Pang , Muyan Weng , Yan Liu

Employing large language models (LLMs) to enable embodied agents has become popular, yet it presents several limitations in practice. In this work, rather than using LLMs directly as agents, we explore their use as tools for embodied agent…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2024-11-28 Yujeong Lee , Sangwoo Shin , Wei-Jin Park , Honguk Woo

Open-source pre-trained Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit strong language understanding and generation capabilities, making them highly successful in a variety of tasks. However, when used as agents for dealing with complex problems in…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-04-01 Qinhao Zhou , Zihan Zhang , Xiang Xiang , Ke Wang , Yuchuan Wu , Yongbin Li

Training LLMs as interactive agents for multi-turn decision-making remains challenging, particularly in long-horizon tasks with sparse and delayed rewards, where agents must execute extended sequences of actions before receiving meaningful…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-05-12 Jiangweizhi Peng , Yuanxin Liu , Ruida Zhou , Charles Fleming , Zhaoran Wang , Alfredo Garcia , Mingyi Hong

The reasoning capabilities of LLM (Large Language Model) are widely acknowledged in recent research, inspiring studies on tool learning and autonomous agents. LLM serves as the "brain" of the agent, orchestrating multiple tools for…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-03-26 Xiangyan Liu , Rongxue Li , Wei Ji , Tao Lin

The predominant approach for training web navigation agents is to gather human demonstrations for a set of popular websites and hand-written tasks, but it is becoming clear that human data is an inefficient resource. We develop a pipeline…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-05-23 Brandon Trabucco , Gunnar Sigurdsson , Robinson Piramuthu , Ruslan Salakhutdinov

Standard reinforcement learning (RL) for large language model (LLM) agents typically optimizes extrinsic rewards, prioritizing isolated task completion over continual adaptation. Consequently, agents often converge to suboptimal policies…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2026-03-31 Xiaoying Zhang , Zichen Liu , Yipeng Zhang , Xia Hu , Wenqi Shao

We primarily focus on the field of large language models (LLMs) for recommendation, which has been actively explored recently and poses a significant challenge in effectively enhancing recommender systems with logical reasoning abilities…

信息检索 · 计算机科学 2024-08-13 Jiachen Zhu , Jianghao Lin , Xinyi Dai , Bo Chen , Rong Shan , Jieming Zhu , Ruiming Tang , Yong Yu , Weinan Zhang

Large language model (LLM) agents perform strongly on short- and mid-horizon tasks, but often break down on long-horizon tasks that require extended, interdependent action sequences. Despite rapid progress in agentic systems, these…