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In large-scale industrial LLM systems, prompt templates often expand to thousands of tokens as teams iteratively incorporate sections such as task instructions, few-shot examples, and heuristic rules to enhance robustness and coverage. This…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-10-09 Zhentao Xu , Fengyi Li , Albert Chen , Xiaofeng Wang

This paper surveys and organizes research works in a new paradigm in natural language processing, which we dub "prompt-based learning". Unlike traditional supervised learning, which trains a model to take in an input x and predict an output…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2021-07-30 Pengfei Liu , Weizhe Yuan , Jinlan Fu , Zhengbao Jiang , Hiroaki Hayashi , Graham Neubig

Speculative Decoding is a widely used technique to speed up inference for Large Language Models (LLMs) without sacrificing quality. When performing inference, speculative decoding uses a smaller draft model to generate speculative tokens…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-02-06 Minghao Yan , Saurabh Agarwal , Shivaram Venkataraman

Prompt compression methods enhance the efficiency of Large Language Models (LLMs) and minimize the cost by reducing the length of input context. The goal of prompt compression is to shorten the LLM prompt while maintaining a high generation…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-08-25 Tinghui Zhang , Yifan Wang , Daisy Zhe Wang

Speculative decoding accelerates LLM inference by utilizing otherwise idle computational resources during memory-to-chip data transfer. Current speculative decoding methods typically assume a considerable amount of available computing…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-11-26 Luohe Shi , Zuchao Li , Lefei Zhang , Baoyuan Qi , Guoming Liu , Hai Zhao

Speculative sampling is a popular technique for accelerating inference in Large Language Models by generating candidate tokens using a fast draft model and accepting or rejecting them based on the target model's distribution. While…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-07-08 Valentin De Bortoli , Alexandre Galashov , Arthur Gretton , Arnaud Doucet

Personalizing large language models (LLMs) to individual users requires incorporating extensive interaction histories and profiles, but input token constraints make this impractical due to high inference latency and API costs. Existing…

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing and broadened their applicability across diverse commercial applications. However, the deployment of these models is constrained by high inference time in…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-11-12 Euiin Yi , Taehyeon Kim , Hongseok Jeung , Du-Seong Chang , Se-Young Yun

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate exceptional capabilities in various scenarios. However, they suffer from much redundant information and are sensitive to the position of key information in long context scenarios. To address these…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-02-11 Jiwei Tang , Jin Xu , Tingwei Lu , Zhicheng Zhang , Yiming Zhao , Lin Hai , Hai-Tao Zheng

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown exceptional abilities for multiple different natural language processing tasks. While prompting is a crucial tool for LLM inference, we observe that there is a significant cost associated with…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-10-18 Muhammad Asif Ali , Zhengping Li , Shu Yang , Keyuan Cheng , Yang Cao , Tianhao Huang , Guimin Hu , Weimin Lyu , Lijie Hu , Lu Yu , Di Wang

Chain-of-Thought reasoning has emerged as a pivotal methodology for enhancing model inference capabilities. Despite growing interest in Chain-of-Thought reasoning, its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This paper explores the working…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-09-03 Hao Yang , Zhiyu Yang , Yunjie Zhang , Shanyi Zhu , Lin Yang

Speculative decoding is a pivotal technique to accelerate the inference of large language models (LLMs) by employing a smaller draft model to predict the target model's outputs. However, its efficacy can be limited due to the low predictive…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2024-06-11 Xiaoxuan Liu , Lanxiang Hu , Peter Bailis , Alvin Cheung , Zhijie Deng , Ion Stoica , Hao Zhang

In-context learning has established itself as an important learning paradigm for Large Language Models (LLMs). In this paper, we demonstrate that LLMs can learn encoding keys in-context and perform analysis directly on encoded…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-04-16 Andresa Rodrigues de Campos , David Lee , Imry Kissos , Piyush Paritosh

To mitigate the high inference latency stemming from autoregressive decoding in Large Language Models (LLMs), Speculative Decoding has emerged as a novel decoding paradigm for LLM inference. In each decoding step, this method first drafts…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-06-05 Heming Xia , Zhe Yang , Qingxiu Dong , Peiyi Wang , Yongqi Li , Tao Ge , Tianyu Liu , Wenjie Li , Zhifang Sui

Political scientists are rapidly adopting large language models (LLMs) for text annotation, yet the sensitivity of annotation results to implementation choices remains poorly understood. Most evaluations test a single model or…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-04-01 Lorcan McLaren , James Cross , Zuzanna Krakowska , Robin Rauner , Martijn Schoonvelde

The quadratic complexity of attention imposes severe memory and computational bottlenecks on Large Language Model (LLM) inference. This challenge is particularly acute for emerging agentic applications that require processing multi-million…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-05-19 Ceyu Xu , Jiangnan Yu , Yongji Wu , Yuan Xie

Probing Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) using prompts has indirectly implied that language models (LMs) can be treated as knowledge bases. To this end, this phenomena has been effective especially when these LMs are fine-tuned towards…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2022-04-08 M. Abaho , D. Bollegala , P. Williamson , S. Dodd

Accurate short-term forecasts of passenger flow in metro systems under delay conditions are crucial for emergency response and service recovery, which pose significant challenges and are currently under-researched. Due to the rare…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2024-10-22 Ping Huang , Yuxin He , Hao Wang , Jingjing Chen , Qin Luo

Prompting is a mainstream paradigm for adapting large language models to specific natural language processing tasks without modifying internal parameters. Therefore, detailed supplementary knowledge needs to be integrated into external…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-12-03 Kaiyan Chang , Songcheng Xu , Chenglong Wang , Yingfeng Luo , Xiaoqian Liu , Tong Xiao , Jingbo Zhu

Speculative decoding is widely adopted to reduce latency in large language model (LLM) inference by leveraging smaller draft models capable of handling diverse user tasks. However, emerging AI applications, such as LLM-based agents, present…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-10-09 Gabriele Oliaro , Zhihao Jia , Daniel Campos , Aurick Qiao