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Using language models to scalably approximate human preferences on text quality (LLM-as-a-judge) has become a standard practice applicable to many tasks. A judgment is often extracted from the judge's textual output alone, typically with…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-09-29 Victor Wang , Michael J. Q. Zhang , Eunsol Choi

How reliable are single-response LLM-as-a-judge ratings without references, and can we obtain fine-grained, deterministic scores in this setting? We study the common practice of asking a judge model to assign Likert-scale scores to…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-09-30 Leander Girrbach , Chi-Ping Su , Tankred Saanum , Richard Socher , Eric Schulz , Zeynep Akata

The paradigm of LLM-as-a-judge is emerging as a scalable and efficient alternative to human evaluation, demonstrating strong performance on well-defined tasks. However, its reliability in open-ended tasks with dynamic environments and…

软件工程 · 计算机科学 2026-03-04 Chunyang Li , Yilun Zheng , Xinting Huang , Tianqing Fang , Jiahao Xu , Lihui Chen , Yangqiu Song , Han Hu

Existing LLM-as-a-Judge approaches for evaluating text generation suffer from rating inconsistencies, with low agreement and high rating variance across different evaluator models. We attribute this to subjective evaluation criteria…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-11-04 Yukyung Lee , Joonghoon Kim , Jaehee Kim , Hyowon Cho , Jaewook Kang , Pilsung Kang , Najoung Kim

As large language models (LLMs) increasingly generate and process clinical text, scalable evaluation has become critical. LLM-as-a-Judge (LaaJ), which uses LLMs to evaluate model outputs, offers a scalable alternative to costly expert…

Recent advancements in large language models have led to significant improvements across various tasks, including mathematical reasoning, which is used to assess models' intelligence in logical reasoning and problem-solving. Models are…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2026-04-27 Erez Yosef , Oron Anschel , Shunit Haviv Hakimi , Asaf Gendler , Adam Botach , Nimrod Berman , Igor Kviatkovsky

The rapid integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into software engineering (SE) has revolutionized tasks like code generation, producing a massive volume of software artifacts. This surge has exposed a critical bottleneck: the lack of…

软件工程 · 计算机科学 2025-10-29 Junda He , Jieke Shi , Terry Yue Zhuo , Christoph Treude , Jiamou Sun , Zhenchang Xing , Xiaoning Du , David Lo

Large Language Models (LLMs) are commonly used as evaluators in various applications, but the reliability of the outcomes remains a challenge. One such challenge is using LLMs-as-judges for direct assessment, i.e., assigning scores from a…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-04-09 Yoshinari Fujinuma

To reduce the need for human annotations, large language models (LLMs) have been proposed as judges of the quality of other candidate models. The performance of LLM judges is typically evaluated by measuring the correlation with human…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-05-14 Andreas Stephan , Dawei Zhu , Matthias Aßenmacher , Xiaoyu Shen , Benjamin Roth

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used as automated judges, where practical value depends on both accuracy and trustworthy, risk-aware judgments. Existing approaches predominantly focus on accuracy, overlooking the necessity of…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2025-08-19 Zailong Tian , Zhuoheng Han , Yanzhe Chen , Haozhe Xu , Xi Yang , Richeng Xuan , Houfeng Wang , Lizi Liao

Large language models are increasingly used as judges (LLM-as-a-judge) to evaluate model outputs at scale, but their assessments often diverge systematically from human judgments. We present Bridge, a unified statistical framework that…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-12-03 Felipe Maia Polo , Xinhe Wang , Mikhail Yurochkin , Gongjun Xu , Moulinath Banerjee , Yuekai Sun

High quality annotations are increasingly a bottleneck in the explosively growing machine learning ecosystem. Scalable evaluation methods that avoid costly annotation have therefore become an important research ambition. Many hope to use…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-01-07 Florian E. Dorner , Vivian Y. Nastl , Moritz Hardt

LLMs are increasingly employed both as judges for evaluating open-ended outputs and as co-creation partners in AI-assisted programming; yet rigorous evaluation in human-AI co-creation settings remains underdeveloped as judgments must be…

The LLM-as-a-judge paradigm is widely used in both evaluating free-text model responses and reward modeling for model alignment and fine-tuning. Recently, fine-tuning judges with judge-specific data has emerged as an often preferred choice…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-04-21 Janvijay Singh , Austin Xu , Yilun Zhou , Yefan Zhou , Dilek Hakkani-Tur , Shafiq Joty

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has opened new possibilities for their adoption as evaluative judges. This paper introduces Themis, a fine-tuned LLM judge that delivers sophisticated context-aware evaluations. We…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-02-06 Renjun Hu , Yi Cheng , Libin Meng , Jiaxin Xia , Yi Zong , Xing Shi , Wei Lin

Multi-judge evaluation is increasingly used to assess LLMs and reward models, and the prevailing heuristic is to curate: keep the most accurate judges and discard weaker ones. We show that this heuristic can reverse when the target is not…

统计方法学 · 统计学 2026-05-12 Yanran Li

Given the challenge of automatically evaluating free-form outputs from large language models (LLMs), an increasingly common solution is to use LLMs themselves as the judging mechanism, without any gold-standard scores. Implicitly, this…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-04-07 Patrick Vossler , Fan Xia , Yifan Mai , Adarsh Subbaswamy , Jean Feng

The evaluation bottleneck in recommendation systems has become particularly acute with the rise of Generative AI, where traditional metrics fall short of capturing nuanced quality dimensions that matter in specialized domains like legal…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-12-30 Anu Pradhan , Alexandra Ortan , Apurv Verma , Madhavan Seshadri

As interactive LLM-based applications are created and refined, model developers need to evaluate the quality of generated text along many possible axes. For simpler systems, human evaluation may be practical, but in complicated systems like…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-05-22 Zhenwei Tang , Zhaoyan Liu , Rasa Hosseinzadeh , Tongzi Wu , Keyvan Golestan , Jesse C. Cresswell

As Natural Language Generation (NLG) continues to be widely adopted, properly assessing it has become quite difficult. Lately, using large language models (LLMs) for evaluating these generations has gained traction, as they tend to align…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-04-29 Rajarshi Haldar , Julia Hockenmaier