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Logging plays a central role in ensuring reproducibility, observability, and reliability in machine learning (ML) systems. While logging is generally considered a good engineering practice, poorly designed logging can negatively affect…

软件工程 · 计算机科学 2026-03-26 Patrick Loic Foalem , Leuson Da Silva , Foutse Khomh , Heng Li , Ettore Merlo

By providing a standardized interface for LLM agents to interact with external tools, the Model Context Protocol (MCP) is quickly becoming a cornerstone of the modern autonomous agent ecosystem. However, it creates novel attack surfaces due…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-08-22 Zhiqiang Wang , Yichao Gao , Yanting Wang , Suyuan Liu , Haifeng Sun , Haoran Cheng , Guanquan Shi , Haohua Du , Xiangyang Li

The rapid adoption of foundation models has significantly expanded the capabilities of software systems, enabling them to perform complex language, reasoning, and interaction tasks that were previously difficult to automate. However, this…

软件工程 · 计算机科学 2026-03-09 Mina Taraghi , Mohammad Mehdi Morovati , Foutse Khomh

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly serving as autonomous agents, and their utilization of external tools via the Model Context Protocol (MCP) is considered a future trend. Current MCP evaluation sets suffer from issues such as…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2026-01-22 Wenrui Liu , Zixiang Liu , Elsie Dai , Wenhan Yu , Lei Yu , Tong Yang , Jinjun Han , Hong Gao

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) standardizes tool use for LLM-based agents and enable third-party servers. This openness introduces a security misalignment: agents implicitly trust tools exposed by potentially untrusted MCP servers.…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-02-25 Zhenhong Zhou , Yuanhe Zhang , Hongwei Cai , Moayad Aloqaily , Ouns Bouachir , Linsey Pang , Prakhar Mehrotra , Kun Wang , Qingsong Wen

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into real-world applications via the Model Context Protocol (MCP), a universal open standard for connecting AI agents with data sources and external tools. While MCP enhances the…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-02-13 Yixuan Yang , Cuifeng Gao , Daoyuan Wu , Yufan Chen , Yingjiu Li , Shuai Wang

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) standardizes how AI agents discover and invoke external tools, with over 10,000 active servers and 97 million monthly SDK downloads as of early 2026. Yet MCP does not yet standardize how agents safely…

软件工程 · 计算机科学 2026-04-16 Vasundra Srinivasan

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) (MCP Community, 2025) has emerged as a widely used framework for enabling LLM-based agents to communicate with external tools and services. The original MCP implementation (Anthropic, 2024) relies on a Large…

分布式、并行与集群计算 · 计算机科学 2026-01-26 Meenakshi Amulya Jayanti , X. Y. Han

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is the standard interface between large language model (LLM) agents and external tools. At organizational scale, however, it exposes two structural problems. First, every API integration is shipped as a…

软件工程 · 计算机科学 2026-05-08 Axel Dunkel

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is rapidly emerging as a pivotal open standard, designed to enhance agent-tool integration and interoperability, and is positioned to unlock a new era of powerful, interconnected, and genuinely utilitarian…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-09-15 Zikang Guo , Benfeng Xu , Chiwei Zhu , Wentao Hong , Xiaorui Wang , Zhendong Mao

Large language models(LLMs) are increasingly integrated with external systems through the Model Context Protocol(MCP),which standardizes tool invocation and has rapidly become a backbone for LLM-powered applications. While this paradigm…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-05-04 Shuli Zhao , Qinsheng Hou , Zihan Zhan , Yanhao Wang , Yuchong Xie , Yu Guo , Libo Chen , Shenghong Li , Zhi Xue

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) replaces static, developer-controlled API integrations with more dynamic, user-driven agent systems, which also introduces new security risks. As MCP adoption grows across community servers and major…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-11-27 Herman Errico , Jiquan Ngiam , Shanita Sojan

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has rapidly emerged as a universal standard for connecting AI assistants to external tools and data sources. While MCP simplifies integration between AI applications and various services, it introduces…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-03-25 Charoes Huang , Xin Huang , Ngoc Phu Tran , Amin Milani Fard

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is an open and standardized interface that enables large language models (LLMs) to interact with external tools and services, and is increasingly adopted by AI agents. However, the security of MCP-based…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-03-10 Yuhang Huang , Boyang Ma , Biwei Yan , Xuelong Dai , Yechao Zhang , Minghui Xu , Kaidi Xu , Yue Zhang

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) enables large language models (LLMs) to dynamically discover and invoke third-party tools, significantly expanding agent capabilities while introducing a distinct security landscape. Unlike prompt-only…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-04-10 Mehrdad Rostamzadeh , Sidhant Narula , Nahom Birhan , Mohammad Ghasemigol , Daniel Takabi

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a universal standard that enables AI agents to seamlessly connect with external tools, significantly enhancing their functionality. However, while MCP brings notable benefits, it also…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-05-26 Yongjian Guo , Puzhuo Liu , Wanlun Ma , Zehang Deng , Xiaogang Zhu , Peng Di , Xi Xiao , Sheng Wen

With the rise of LLMs, a large number of Model Context Protocol (MCP) services have emerged since the end of 2024. However, the effectiveness and efficiency of MCP servers have not been well studied. To study these questions, we propose an…

信息检索 · 计算机科学 2025-04-21 Zhiling Luo , Xiaorong Shi , Xuanrui Lin , Jinyang Gao

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a standard for connecting Large Language Models (LLMs) to external tools and data. However, MCP servers often expose privileged capabilities, such as file system access, network requests, and…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-03-24 Charoes Huang , Xin Huang , Amin Milani Fard

Large language model (LLM)-powered agents are increasingly used to plan and execute scientific workflows, yet most research cyberinfrastructure (CI) exposes heterogeneous APIs and implements security models that present barriers for use by…

Model Context Protocols (MCPs) provide a unified platform for agent systems to discover, select, and orchestrate tools across heterogeneous execution environments. As MCP-based systems scale to incorporate larger tool catalogs and multiple…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-02-19 Yuval Felendler , Parth A. Gandhi , Idan Habler , Yuval Elovici , Asaf Shabtai