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Whole Slide Images (WSIs) are high-resolution digital scans widely used in medical diagnostics. WSI classification is typically approached using Multiple Instance Learning (MIL), where the slide is partitioned into tiles treated as…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-11-25 Sharon Peled , Yosef E. Maruvka , Moti Freiman

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has enabled weakly supervised analysis of whole-slide images (WSIs) in computational pathology. However, traditional MIL approaches often lose crucial contextual information, while transformer-based…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-12-30 Xitong Ling , Minxi Ouyang , Xiaoxiao Li , Jiawen Li , Ying Chen , Yuxuan Sun , Xinrui Chen , Tian Guan , Xiaoping Liu , Yonghong He

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) is a cornerstone approach in computational pathology (CPath) for generating clinically meaningful slide-level embeddings from gigapixel tissue images. However, MIL often struggles with small, weakly…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-06-12 Daniel Shao , Richard J. Chen , Andrew H. Song , Joel Runevic , Ming Y. Lu , Tong Ding , Faisal Mahmood

Multiple instance learning (MIL) has been extensively applied to whole slide histopathology image (WSI) analysis. The existing aggregation strategy in MIL, which primarily relies on the first-order distance (e.g., mean difference) between…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2024-07-22 Yihang Chen , Tsai Hor Chan , Guosheng Yin , Yuming Jiang , Lequan Yu

Multiple instance learning (MIL)-based framework has become the mainstream for processing the whole slide image (WSI) with giga-pixel size and hierarchical image context in digital pathology. However, these methods heavily depend on a…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-02-13 Jiangbo Shi , Chen Li , Tieliang Gong , Yefeng Zheng , Huazhu Fu

Computational pathology (CPath) digitizes pathology slides into whole slide images (WSIs), enabling analysis for critical healthcare tasks such as cancer diagnosis and prognosis. However, WSIs possess extremely long sequence lengths (up to…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-12-04 Wenhao Tang , Heng Fang , Ge Wu , Xiang Li , Ming-Ming Cheng

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) methods have succeeded remarkably in histopathology whole slide image (WSI) analysis. However, most MIL models only offer attention-based explanations that do not faithfully capture the model's decision…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-07-17 Susu Sun , Dominique van Midden , Geert Litjens , Christian F. Baumgartner

Multi-instance learning (MIL) deals with objects represented as bags of instances and can predict instance labels from bag-level supervision. However, significant performance gaps exist between instance-level MIL algorithms and supervised…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2022-10-06 Weijia Zhang , Xuanhui Zhang , Han-Wen Deng , Min-Ling Zhang

Deep learning models have revolutionized the field of medical image analysis, due to their outstanding performances. However, they are sensitive to spurious correlations, often taking advantage of dataset bias to improve results for…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2024-05-06 Diogo J. Araújo , M. Rita Verdelho , Alceu Bissoto , Jacinto C. Nascimento , Carlos Santiago , Catarina Barata

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has been widely used in weakly supervised whole slide image (WSI) classification. Typical MIL methods include a feature embedding part, which embeds the instances into features via a pre-trained feature…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2024-08-02 Peijie Qiu , Pan Xiao , Wenhui Zhu , Yalin Wang , Aristeidis Sotiras

Traditional image-based survival prediction models rely on discriminative patch labeling which make those methods not scalable to extend to large datasets. Recent studies have shown Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) framework is useful for…

图像与视频处理 · 电气工程与系统科学 2020-09-24 Jiawen Yao , Xinliang Zhu , Jitendra Jonnagaddala , Nicholas Hawkins , Junzhou Huang

In computational pathology, random sampling of patches during training of Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) methods is computationally efficient and serves as a regularization strategy. Despite its promising benefits, questions concerning…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2024-03-11 H. Keshvarikhojasteh , J. P. W. Pluim , M. Veta

Multi-instance learning (MIL) is a form of weakly supervised learning where a single class label is assigned to a bag of instances while the instance-level labels are not available. Training classifiers to accurately determine the bag label…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2020-06-11 Bin Li , Kevin W. Eliceiri

Analyzing high resolution whole slide images (WSIs) with regard to information across multiple scales poses a significant challenge in digital pathology. Multi-instance learning (MIL) is a common solution for working with high resolution…

Whole-slide image (WSI) classification is a challenging task because 1) patches from WSI lack annotation, and 2) WSI possesses unnecessary variability, e.g., stain protocol. Recently, Multiple-Instance Learning (MIL) has made significant…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-08-12 Joohyung Lee , Heejeong Nam , Kwanhyung Lee , Sangchul Hahn

Multiple Instance learning (MIL) models have been extensively used in pathology to predict biomarkers and risk-stratify patients from gigapixel-sized images. Machine learning problems in medical imaging often deal with rare diseases, making…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2023-09-12 Dinkar Juyal , Siddhant Shingi , Syed Ashar Javed , Harshith Padigela , Chintan Shah , Anand Sampat , Archit Khosla , John Abel , Amaro Taylor-Weiner

In the field of computational pathology, the use of decision support systems powered by state-of-the-art deep learning solutions has been hampered by the lack of large labeled datasets. Until recently, studies relied on datasets in the…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2018-10-01 Gabriele Campanella , Vitor Werneck Krauss Silva , Thomas J. Fuchs

Although multi-instance learning (MIL) has succeeded in pathological image classification, it faces the challenge of high inference costs due to the need to process thousands of patches from each gigapixel whole slide image (WSI). To…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-08-08 Jiuyang Dong , Jiahan Li , Junjun Jiang , Kui Jiang , Yongbing Zhang

Whole slide image (WSI) classification often relies on deep weakly supervised multiple instance learning (MIL) methods to handle gigapixel resolution images and slide-level labels. Yet the decent performance of deep learning comes from…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2022-07-06 Jiawei Yang , Hanbo Chen , Yu Zhao , Fan Yang , Yao Zhang , Lei He , Jianhua Yao

When applying multi-instance learning (MIL) to make predictions for bags of instances, the prediction accuracy of an instance often depends on not only the instance itself but also its context in the corresponding bag. From the viewpoint of…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2022-04-25 Tiancheng Lin , Hongteng Xu , Canqian Yang , Yi Xu