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The increasing size of the Key-Value (KV) cache during the Large Language Models long-context inference is the main obstacle for its balance between the deployment cost and task accuracy. To reduce the KV cache size in such scenarios, most…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-07-25 Manlai Liang , JiaMing Zhang , Xiong Li , Jinlong Li

Contemporary systems serving large language models (LLMs) have adopted prefill-decode disaggregation to better load-balance between the compute-bound prefill phase and the memory-bound decode phase. Under this design, prefill workers…

分布式、并行与集群计算 · 计算机科学 2026-05-12 Yipin Guo , Siddharth Joshi

This paper introduces a novel approach, the Bounded-Cache Transformer (BCT), for building large language models with a predefined Key-Value (KV) cache capacity. The BCT addresses the excessive memory consumption issue in traditional KV…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-11-28 Zhonghua Yi , Ge Niu , Lei Wang , Wei Tang , Liqiu Zhang

Context lengths of Large Language Models (LLMs) have exploded in recent years, with 128k-token context becoming a standard and million-token context becoming a reality. Efficiently supporting long-context inference remains challenging as…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-10-08 Isaac Rehg

Long-context reasoning is a critical capability of large language models (LLMs), enabling applications such as long-document understanding, summarization, and code generation. However, efficient autoregressive inference relies on the…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-04-28 Zahra Dehghanighobadi , Asja Fischer

As large language models (LLMs) continue to scale, the memory footprint of key-value (KV) caches during inference has become a significant bottleneck. Existing approaches primarily focus on compressing KV caches within a single prompt or…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-12-18 Xinye Zhao , Spyridon Mastorakis

Despite the significant success of large language models (LLMs), their extensive memory requirements pose challenges for deploying them in long-context token generation. The substantial memory footprint of LLM decoders arises from the…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-02-12 Amir Zandieh , Insu Han , Vahab Mirrokni , Amin Karbasi

Large language models (LLMs) have shown strong performance across diverse tasks, but their inference with long input contexts is bottlenecked by memory size and bandwidth. The Key-Value (KV) cache size grows linearly with sequence length…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-05-12 Junkai Zhang , Hang Guo , Luca Benini , Yawei Li

Transformer LLMs have been shown to exhibit strong reasoning ability that scales with inference-time compute, most prominently through token-space "thinking" chains of thought. A growing line of work pushes extra computation into the…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-03-26 Adnan Oomerjee , Zafeirios Fountas , Haitham Bou-Ammar , Jun Wang

In long-context Large Language Model (LLM) inference, the Time-To-First-Token (TTFT) latency incurred by the prefill stage has become the foremost bottleneck limiting interactive performance and deployment cost. KV Cache reuse offers a…

硬件体系结构 · 计算机科学 2026-05-26 Fei li , Song Liu , Yan Liu , Jinhua Cui , Shiqiang Nie , Jinyu Wang , Weiguo Wu

Autoregressive Transformers rely on Key-Value (KV) caching to accelerate inference. However, the linear growth of the KV cache with context length leads to excessive memory consumption and bandwidth constraints. This bottleneck is…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-06-10 Ravi Ghadia , Avinash Kumar , Gaurav Jain , Prashant Nair , Poulami Das

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have significantly boosted long-context processing. However, the increasing key-value (KV) cache size poses critical challenges to memory and execution efficiency. Most KV cache compression…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-08-05 Xiaolin Lin , Jingcun Wang , Olga Kondrateva , Yiyu Shi , Bing Li , Grace Li Zhang

The rapid expansion of context window sizes in Large Language Models~(LLMs) has enabled them to tackle increasingly complex tasks involving lengthy documents. However, this progress comes at the cost of a substantial increase in memory…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-08-05 Da Ma , Lu Chen , Situo Zhang , Yuxun Miao , Su Zhu , Zhi Chen , Hongshen Xu , Hanqi Li , Shuai Fan , Lei Pan , Kai Yu

KV caching is a fundamental technique for accelerating Large Language Model (LLM) inference by reusing key-value (KV) pairs from previous queries, but its effectiveness under limited memory is highly sensitive to the eviction policy. The…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-01-28 Fangzhou Wu , Sandeep Silwal , Qiuyi , Zhang

Multi-agent systems increasingly orchestrate multiple specialized language models to solve complex real-world problems, often invoking them over a shared context. This execution pattern repeatedly processes the same prompt prefix across…

Multi-agent LLM applications organize execution in synchronized rounds where a central scheduler gathers outputs from all agents and redistributes the combined context. This All-Gather communication pattern creates massive KV Cache…

分布式、并行与集群计算 · 计算机科学 2026-04-06 Zhuohang Bian , Feiyang Wu , Chengrui Zhang , Hangcheng Dong , Yun Liang , Youwei Zhuo

Long-context language modeling is increasingly constrained by the Key-Value (KV) cache, whose memory and decode-time access costs scale linearly with the prefix length. This bottleneck has motivated a range of context-compression methods,…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-05-13 Yoav Gelberg , Yam Eitan , Michael Bronstein , Yarin Gal , Haggai Maron

Model quantization has become a crucial technique to address the issues of large memory consumption and long inference times associated with LLMs. Mixed-precision quantization, which distinguishes between important and unimportant…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-10-22 Yifan Tan , Haoze Wang , Chao Yan , Yangdong Deng

Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models offer a unified framework for robotic perception and control, but their ability to scale to real-world, long-horizon tasks is limited by the high computational cost of attention and the large memory…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-11-25 Wanshun Xu , Long Zhuang , Lianlei Shan

The large size of the KV cache has become a major bottleneck for serving LLMs with increasing context lengths. In response, many KV cache compression methods, such as token dropping and quantization, have been proposed. However, almost all…

硬件体系结构 · 计算机科学 2026-05-19 Jiayi Yao , Samuel Shen , Kuntai Du , Shaoting Feng , Dongjoo Seo , Rui Zhang , Yuyang Huang , Yuhan Liu , Shan Lu , Junchen Jiang