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Tool-Integrated Reasoning (TIR) empowers large language models (LLMs) to tackle complex tasks by interleaving reasoning steps with external tool interactions. However, existing reinforcement learning methods typically rely on outcome- or…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-01-16 Changle Qu , Sunhao Dai , Hengyi Cai , Jun Xu , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin

Large Language Models (LLMs), when enhanced through reasoning-oriented post-training, evolve into powerful Large Reasoning Models (LRMs). Tool-Integrated Reasoning (TIR) further extends their capabilities by incorporating external tools,…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-07-30 Yifan Wei , Xiaoyan Yu , Yixuan Weng , Tengfei Pan , Angsheng Li , Li Du

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) connects large language models (LLMs) to external knowledge, but single-round retrieval is often insufficient for complex multi-hop questions. To enhance search capabilities for complex tasks, most…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-05-27 Kun Chen , Qingchao Kong , Zhao Feifei , Wenji Mao

Tool-Integrated Reasoning (TIR) extends LLM capabilities by leveraging external environments. However, existing methods lack the deliberation during sequential tool invocation required for strategic planning and self-correction. While RL…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2026-05-29 Yang He , Xiao Ding , Bibo Cai , Yufei Zhang , Kai Xiong , Zhouhao Sun , Bing Qin , Ting Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used as judges to evaluate response quality, providing a scalable alternative to human evaluation. However, most LLM judges operate solely on intrinsic text-based reasoning, limiting their ability to…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-02-24 Ran Xu , Jingjing Chen , Jiayu Ye , Yu Wu , Jun Yan , Carl Yang , Hongkun Yu

Tool-Integrated Reasoning (TIR) enables large language models (LLMs) to solve complex tasks by interacting with external tools, yet existing approaches depend on high-quality synthesized trajectories selected by scoring functions and sparse…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2026-02-02 Siyu Gong , Linan Yue , Weibo Gao , Fangzhou Yao , Shimin Di , Lei Feng , Min-Ling Zhang

Large language model (LLM)-based search agents have proven promising for addressing knowledge-intensive problems by incorporating information retrieval capabilities. Existing works largely focus on optimizing the reasoning paradigms of…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2026-01-09 Tongyu Wen , Guanting Dong , Zhicheng Dou

State-of-the-art large language models (LLMs) exhibit impressive problem-solving capabilities but may struggle with complex reasoning and factual correctness. Existing methods harness the strengths of chain-of-thought and…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-10-03 Xingxuan Li , Weiwen Xu , Ruochen Zhao , Fangkai Jiao , Shafiq Joty , Lidong Bing

With the rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs), developing effective critic modules for precise guidance has become crucial yet challenging. In this paper, we initially demonstrate that supervised fine-tuning for building critic…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-07-22 Qiaoyu Tang , Hao Xiang , Le Yu , Bowen Yu , Hongyu Lin , Yaojie Lu , Xianpei Han , Le Sun , Junyang Lin

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant strides in reasoning tasks through methods like chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning. However, they often fall short in tasks requiring precise computations. Tool-Integrated Reasoning (TIR) has…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-08-22 Yufeng Zhao , Junnan Liu , Hongwei Liu , Dongsheng Zhu , Yuan Shen , Songyang Zhang , Kai Chen

Tool-Integrated Reasoning (TIR) enables large language models (LLMs) to improve their internal reasoning ability by integrating external tools. However, models employing TIR often display suboptimal behaviors, such as insufficient or…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2025-10-01 Yifei Chen , Guanting Dong , Zhicheng Dou

Search agents powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant potential in tackling knowledge-intensive tasks. Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for training these agents to perform…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-05-11 Shiyu Li , Yang Tang , Yifan Wang , Peiming Li , Xi Chen

Search-integrated reasoning enables language agents to transcend static parametric knowledge by actively querying external sources. However, training these agents via reinforcement learning is hindered by the multi-scale credit assignment…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2026-02-04 Bowei He , Minda Hu , Zenan Xu , Hongru Wang , Licheng Zong , Yankai Chen , Chen Ma , Xue Liu , Pluto Zhou , Irwin King

Cross-lingual information retrieval (CLIR) enables access to multilingual knowledge but remains challenging due to disparities in resources, scripts, and weak cross-lingual semantic alignment in embedding models. Existing pipelines often…

信息检索 · 计算机科学 2025-11-25 Roksana Goworek , Olivia Macmillan-Scott , Eda B. Özyiğit

Tool-integrated reasoning (TIR) offers a direct way to extend thinking models beyond the limits of text-only reasoning. Paradoxically, we observe that tool-enabled evaluation can degrade reasoning performance even when the strong thinking…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-05-08 Qianjia Cheng , Yuchen Zhang , Zhilin Wang , Yuxin Zuo , Shunkai Zhang , Yuchen Fan , Yu Qiao , Bowen Zhou , Ning Ding , Yu Cheng , Yun Luo , Ganqu Cui

Reinforcement learning (RL) can align language models with non-differentiable reward signals, such as human preferences. However, a major challenge arises from the sparsity of these reward signals - typically, there is only a single reward…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-02-20 Meng Cao , Lei Shu , Lei Yu , Yun Zhu , Nevan Wichers , Yinxiao Liu , Lei Meng

Tool-Integrated Reasoning (TIR) has emerged as a promising direction by extending Large Language Models' (LLMs) capabilities with external tools during reasoning. Existing TIR methods typically rely on external tool documentation during…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-04-14 Qiancheng Xu , Yongqi Li , Fan Liu , Hongru Wang , Min Yang , Wenjie Li

Personalized alignment is crucial for enabling Large Language Models (LLMs) to engage effectively in user-centric interactions. However, current methods face a dual challenge: they fail to infer users' deep implicit preferences (including…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2026-04-29 Peiming Li , Zhiyuan Hu , Yang Tang , Shiyu Li , Xi Chen

Critique ability, a meta-cognitive capability of humans, presents significant challenges for LLMs to improve. Recent works primarily rely on supervised fine-tuning (SFT) using critiques generated by a single LLM like GPT-4. However, these…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-10-22 Tian Lan , Wenwei Zhang , Chengqi Lyu , Shuaibin Li , Chen Xu , Heyan Huang , Dahua Lin , Xian-Ling Mao , Kai Chen

Self-critic has become a crucial mechanism for enhancing the reasoning performance of LLMs. However, current approaches mainly involve basic prompts for intuitive instance-level feedback, which resembles System-1 processes and limits the…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-06-12 Xin Zheng , Jie Lou , Boxi Cao , Xueru Wen , Yuqiu Ji , Hongyu Lin , Yaojie Lu , Xianpei Han , Debing Zhang , Le Sun
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