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Large language models (LLMs) are often modified after release through post-processing such as post-training or quantization, which makes it challenging to determine whether one model is derived from another. Existing provenance detection…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-05-20 Yuepeng Hu , Zhengyuan Jiang , Mengyuan Li , Osama Ahmed , Zhicong Huang , Cheng Hong , Neil Gong

Recent studies have shown that the outputs from large language models (LLMs) can often reveal the identity of their source model. While this is a natural consequence of LLMs modeling the distribution of their training data, such…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-09-22 Teppei Suzuki , Ryokan Ri , Sho Takase

The exorbitant cost of training Large language models (LLMs) from scratch makes it essential to fingerprint the models to protect intellectual property via ownership authentication and to ensure downstream users and developers comply with…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-04-04 Jiashu Xu , Fei Wang , Mingyu Derek Ma , Pang Wei Koh , Chaowei Xiao , Muhao Chen

Fingerprinting refers to the process of identifying underlying Machine Learning (ML) models of AI Systemts, such as Large Language Models (LLMs), by analyzing their unique characteristics or patterns, much like a human fingerprint. The…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-02-10 Devansh Bhardwaj , Naman Mishra

Model fingerprinting has emerged as a powerful tool for model owners to identify their shared model given API access. However, to lower false discovery rate, fight fingerprint leakage, and defend against coalitions of model users attempting…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-10-01 Anshul Nasery , Jonathan Hayase , Creston Brooks , Peiyao Sheng , Himanshu Tyagi , Pramod Viswanath , Sewoong Oh

Recent advances confirm that large language models (LLMs) can achieve state-of-the-art performance across various tasks. However, due to the resource-intensive nature of training LLMs from scratch, it is urgent and crucial to protect the…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-03-04 Zhiguang Yang , Hanzhou Wu

As Large Language Models (LLMs) become increasingly integrated into many technological ecosystems across various domains and industries, identifying which model is deployed or being interacted with is critical for the security and…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-07-09 Saeif Alhazbi , Ahmed Mohamed Hussain , Gabriele Oligeri , Panos Papadimitratos

We investigate fingerprints in pretraining datasets for large language models (LLMs) through dataset classification experiments. Building on prior work demonstrating the existence of fingerprints or biases in popular computer vision…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-12-02 Youssef Mansour , Reinhard Heckel

It has been shown that finetuned transformers and other supervised detectors effectively distinguish between human and machine-generated text in some situations arXiv:2305.13242, but we find that even simple classifiers on top of n-gram and…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-05-24 Hope McGovern , Rickard Stureborg , Yoshi Suhara , Dimitris Alikaniotis

As content generated by Large Language Model (LLM) has grown exponentially, the ability to accurately identify and fingerprint such text has become increasingly crucial. In this work, we introduce a novel black-box approach for…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-08-07 Dmitri Iourovitski , Sanat Sharma , Rakshak Talwar

Fingerprinting large language models (LLMs) is essential for verifying model ownership, ensuring authenticity, and preventing misuse. Traditional fingerprinting methods often require significant computational overhead or white-box…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-07-15 Jiacheng Cai , Jiahao Yu , Yangguang Shao , Yuhang Wu

Large language models (LLMs) have distinct and consistent stylistic fingerprints, even when prompted to write in different writing styles. Detecting these fingerprints is important for many reasons, among them protecting intellectual…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-03-04 Yehonatan Bitton , Elad Bitton , Shai Nisan

Protecting the intellectual property of large language models (LLMs) is a critical challenge due to the proliferation of unauthorized derivative models. We introduce a novel fingerprinting framework that leverages the behavioral patterns…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-02-11 Zhenyu Xu , Victor S. Sheng

Large language models (LLMs) face significant copyright and intellectual property challenges as the cost of training increases and model reuse becomes prevalent. While watermarking techniques have been proposed to protect model ownership,…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-04-27 Do-hyeon Yoon , Minsoo Chun , Thomas Allen , Hans Müller , Min Wang , Rajesh Sharma

Protecting the intellectual property of large language models (LLMs) is crucial, given the substantial resources required for their training. Consequently, there is an urgent need for both model owners and third parties to determine whether…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-02-17 Boyi Zeng , Lin Chen , Ziwei He , Xinbing Wang , Zhouhan Lin

Growing concerns over the theft and misuse of Large Language Models (LLMs) have heightened the need for effective fingerprinting, which links a model to its original version to detect misuse. In this paper, we define five key properties for…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-06-13 Mark Russinovich , Ahmed Salem

Current benchmarks for Large Language Models (LLMs) primarily focus on performance metrics, often failing to capture the nuanced behavioral characteristics that differentiate them. This paper introduces a novel ``Behavioral Fingerprinting''…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-09-08 Zehua Pei , Hui-Ling Zhen , Ying Zhang , Zhiyuan Yang , Xing Li , Xianzhi Yu , Mingxuan Yuan , Bei Yu

Protecting the copyright of large language models (LLMs) has become crucial due to their resource-intensive training and accompanying carefully designed licenses. However, identifying the original base model of an LLM is challenging due to…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-01-08 Boyi Zeng , Lizheng Wang , Yuncong Hu , Yi Xu , Chenghu Zhou , Xinbing Wang , Yu Yu , Zhouhan Lin

The wide applicability and adaptability of generative large language models (LLMs) has enabled their rapid adoption. While the pre-trained models can perform many tasks, such models are often fine-tuned to improve their performance on…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2023-06-16 Myles Foley , Ambrish Rawat , Taesung Lee , Yufang Hou , Gabriele Picco , Giulio Zizzo

The behavior of LLMs does not depend solely on the model itself. Components of the inference system, such as the inference engine, attention backend, and hardware platform, subtly influence how inputs are processed. These components differ…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-05-29 Anna Wimbauer , Jonas Möller , Erik Imgrund , Konrad Rieck
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