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Email is a channel of communication which is considered to be a confidential medium of communication for exchange of information among individuals and organisations. The confidentiality consideration about e-mail is no longer the case as…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2021-04-15 Nmachi Peace Wosah , Thomas Win

The escalating sophistication of phishing emails necessitates a shift beyond traditional rule-based and conventional machine-learning-based detectors. Although large language models (LLMs) offer strong natural language understanding, using…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-01-30 Abrar Hamed Al Barwani , Abdelaziz Amara Korba , Raja Waseem Anwar

Email is a private medium of communication, and the inherent privacy constraints form a major obstacle in developing effective spam filtering methods which require access to a large amount of email data belonging to multiple users. To…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2011-09-20 Manas A. Pathak , Mehrbod Sharifi , Bhiksha Raj

Phishing attacks represent a significant cybersecurity threat, necessitating adaptive detection techniques. This study explores few-shot Adaptive Linguistic Prompting (ALP) in detecting phishing webpages through the multimodal capabilities…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-08-26 Atharva Bhargude , Ishan Gonehal , Dave Yoon , Kaustubh Vinnakota , Chandler Haney , Aaron Sandoval , Kevin Zhu

Adversarial machine learning challenges the assumption that the underlying distribution remains consistent throughout the training and implementation of a prediction model. In particular, adversarial evasion considers scenarios where…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-12-02 David Benfield , Phan Tu Vuong , Alain Zemkoho

Despite sophisticated phishing email detection systems, and training and awareness programs, humans continue to be tricked by phishing emails. In an attempt to better understand why phishing email attacks still work and how best to mitigate…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2021-10-08 Asangi Jayatilaka , Nalin Asanka Gamagedara Arachchilage , Muhammad Ali Babar

Today, people use email services such as Gmail, Outlook, AOL Mail, etc. to communicate with each other as quickly as possible to send information and official letters. Spam or junk mail is a major challenge to this type of communication,…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2023-03-16 Kazem Taghandiki

The problem of detecting phishing emails through machine learning techniques has been discussed extensively in the literature. Conventional and state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms have demonstrated the possibility of building…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2021-01-01 Luis Felipe Gutiérrez , Faranak Abri , Miriam Armstrong , Akbar Siami Namin , Keith S. Jones

Phishing emails typically masquerade themselves as reputable identities to trick people into providing sensitive information and credentials. Despite advancements in cybersecurity, attackers continuously adapt, posing ongoing threats to…

人机交互 · 计算机科学 2024-09-13 Sijie Zhuo , Robert Biddle , Jared Daniel Recomendable , Giovanni Russello , Danielle Lottridge

Phishing and related cyber threats are becoming more varied and technologically advanced. Among these, email-based phishing remains the most dominant and persistent threat. These attacks exploit human vulnerabilities to disseminate malware…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-02-09 Sajad U P

The ever-evolving ways attacker continues to im prove their phishing techniques to bypass existing state-of-the-art phishing detection methods pose a mountain of challenges to researchers in both industry and academia research due to the…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-02-28 Tosin Ige , Christopher Kiekintveld , Aritran Piplai

While LLM-based agents have shown promise for deep research, most existing approaches rely on fixed workflows that struggle to adapt to real-world, open-ended queries. Recent work therefore explores self-evolution by allowing agents to…

The battle between email service providers and senders of mass unsolicited emails (Spam) continues to gain traction. Vast numbers of Spam emails are sent mainly from automatic botnets distributed over the world. One method for mitigating…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2012-05-08 Eitan Menahem , Rami Puzis

As multimodal agents are increasingly trained to operate graphical user interfaces (GUIs) to complete user tasks, they face a growing threat from indirect prompt injection, attacks in which misleading instructions are embedded into the…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2025-05-21 Yijie Lu , Tianjie Ju , Manman Zhao , Xinbei Ma , Yuan Guo , ZhuoSheng Zhang

Phishing attacks represents one of the primary attack methods which is used by cyber attackers. In many cases, attackers use deceptive emails along with malicious attachments to trick users into giving away sensitive information or…

Email phishing is one of the most prevalent and globally consequential vectors of cyber intrusion. As systems increasingly deploy Large Language Models (LLMs) applications, these systems face evolving phishing email threats that exploit…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-12-16 Najmul Hasan , Prashanth BusiReddyGari , Haitao Zhao , Yihao Ren , Jinsheng Xu , Shaohu Zhang

Multi-agent systems (MAS) built on multimodal large language models exhibit strong collaboration and performance. However, their growing openness and interaction complexity pose serious risks, notably jailbreak and adversarial attacks.…

The growing problem of unsolicited bulk e-mail, also known as "spam", has generated a need for reliable anti-spam e-mail filters. Filters of this type have so far been based mostly on manually constructed keyword patterns. An alternative…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2007-05-23 Ion Androutsopoulos , John Koutsias , Konstantinos V. Chandrinos , Constantine D. Spyropoulos

Spam messes up users inbox, consumes resources and spread attacks like DDoS, MiM, Phishing etc., Phishing is a byproduct of email and causes financial loss to users and loss of reputation to financial institutions. In this paper we study…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2016-11-15 Cynthia Dhinakaran , Jae Kwang lee , Dhinaharan Nagamalai

We propose a new detection algorithm that uses structural relationships between senders and recipients of email as the basis for the identification of spam messages. Users and receivers are represented as vectors in their reciprocal spaces.…