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Extrinsic rewards can effectively guide reinforcement learning (RL) agents in specific tasks. However, extrinsic rewards frequently fall short in complex environments due to the significant human effort needed for their design and…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-04-28 Mingqi Yuan , Roger Creus Castanyer , Bo Li , Xin Jin , Wenjun Zeng , Glen Berseth

Reinforcement learning with verifiable reward (RLVR) has become a promising paradigm for post-training large language models (LLMs) to improve their reasoning capability. However, when the rollout accuracy is low on hard problems, the…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-04-21 Huanyu Liu , Jia Li , Yihong Dong , Chang Yu , Taozhi Chen , Lecheng Wang , Yongding Tao , Bin Gu , Ge Li

Mastering multiple tasks through exploration and learning in an environment poses a significant challenge in reinforcement learning (RL). Unsupervised RL has been introduced to address this challenge by training policies with intrinsic…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-07-02 Junkai Zhang , Weitong Zhang , Dongruo Zhou , Quanquan Gu

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has proven effective in enhancing the reasoning of large language models (LLMs). Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS)-based extensions improve upon vanilla RLVR (e.g., GRPO) by providing…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2026-04-21 Ziqi Zhao , Zhaochun Ren , Jiahong Zou , Liu Yang , Zhiwei Xu , Xuri Ge , Zhumin Chen , Xinyu Ma , Daiting Shi , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Xin Xin

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as multi-step decision-making agents, where effective reward design is essential for guiding learning. Although recent work explores various forms of reward shaping and step-level…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-02-26 Dengjia Zhang , Xiaoou Liu , Lu Cheng , Yaqing Wang , Kenton Murray , Hua Wei

Large language models (LLMs) have notably progressed in multi-step and long-chain reasoning. However, extending their reasoning capabilities to encompass deep interactions with search remains a non-trivial challenge, as models often fail to…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-06-05 Qingfei Zhao , Ruobing Wang , Dingling Xu , Daren Zha , Limin Liu

General reasoning represents a long-standing and formidable challenge in artificial intelligence. Recent breakthroughs, exemplified by large language models (LLMs) and chain-of-thought prompting, have achieved considerable success on…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-01-06 DeepSeek-AI , Daya Guo , Dejian Yang , Haowei Zhang , Junxiao Song , Peiyi Wang , Qihao Zhu , Runxin Xu , Ruoyu Zhang , Shirong Ma , Xiao Bi , Xiaokang Zhang , Xingkai Yu , Yu Wu , Z. F. Wu , Zhibin Gou , Zhihong Shao , Zhuoshu Li , Ziyi Gao , Aixin Liu , Bing Xue , Bingxuan Wang , Bochao Wu , Bei Feng , Chengda Lu , Chenggang Zhao , Chengqi Deng , Chenyu Zhang , Chong Ruan , Damai Dai , Deli Chen , Dongjie Ji , Erhang Li , Fangyun Lin , Fucong Dai , Fuli Luo , Guangbo Hao , Guanting Chen , Guowei Li , H. Zhang , Han Bao , Hanwei Xu , Haocheng Wang , Honghui Ding , Huajian Xin , Huazuo Gao , Hui Qu , Hui Li , Jianzhong Guo , Jiashi Li , Jiawei Wang , Jingchang Chen , Jingyang Yuan , Junjie Qiu , Junlong Li , J. L. Cai , Jiaqi Ni , Jian Liang , Jin Chen , Kai Dong , Kai Hu , Kaige Gao , Kang Guan , Kexin Huang , Kuai Yu , Lean Wang , Lecong Zhang , Liang Zhao , Litong Wang , Liyue Zhang , Lei Xu , Leyi Xia , Mingchuan Zhang , Minghua Zhang , Minghui Tang , Meng Li , Miaojun Wang , Mingming Li , Ning Tian , Panpan Huang , Peng Zhang , Qiancheng Wang , Qinyu Chen , Qiushi Du , Ruiqi Ge , Ruisong Zhang , Ruizhe Pan , Runji Wang , R. J. Chen , R. L. Jin , Ruyi Chen , Shanghao Lu , Shangyan Zhou , Shanhuang Chen , Shengfeng Ye , Shiyu Wang , Shuiping Yu , Shunfeng Zhou , Shuting Pan , S. S. Li , Shuang Zhou , Shaoqing Wu , Shengfeng Ye , Tao Yun , Tian Pei , Tianyu Sun , T. Wang , Wangding Zeng , Wanjia Zhao , Wen Liu , Wenfeng Liang , Wenjun Gao , Wenqin Yu , Wentao Zhang , W. L. Xiao , Wei An , Xiaodong Liu , Xiaohan Wang , Xiaokang Chen , Xiaotao Nie , Xin Cheng , Xin Liu , Xin Xie , Xingchao Liu , Xinyu Yang , Xinyuan Li , Xuecheng Su , Xuheng Lin , X. Q. Li , Xiangyue Jin , Xiaojin Shen , Xiaosha Chen , Xiaowen Sun , Xiaoxiang Wang , Xinnan Song , Xinyi Zhou , Xianzu Wang , Xinxia Shan , Y. K. Li , Y. Q. Wang , Y. X. Wei , Yang Zhang , Yanhong Xu , Yao Li , Yao Zhao , Yaofeng Sun , Yaohui Wang , Yi Yu , Yichao Zhang , Yifan Shi , Yiliang Xiong , Ying He , Yishi Piao , Yisong Wang , Yixuan Tan , Yiyang Ma , Yiyuan Liu , Yongqiang Guo , Yuan Ou , Yuduan Wang , Yue Gong , Yuheng Zou , Yujia He , Yunfan Xiong , Yuxiang Luo , Yuxiang You , Yuxuan Liu , Yuyang Zhou , Y. X. Zhu , Yanhong Xu , Yanping Huang , Yaohui Li , Yi Zheng , Yuchen Zhu , Yunxian Ma , Ying Tang , Yukun Zha , Yuting Yan , Z. Z. Ren , Zehui Ren , Zhangli Sha , Zhe Fu , Zhean Xu , Zhenda Xie , Zhengyan Zhang , Zhewen Hao , Zhicheng Ma , Zhigang Yan , Zhiyu Wu , Zihui Gu , Zijia Zhu , Zijun Liu , Zilin Li , Ziwei Xie , Ziyang Song , Zizheng Pan , Zhen Huang , Zhipeng Xu , Zhongyu Zhang , Zhen Zhang

Present Large Language Models (LLM) self-training methods always under-sample on challenging queries, leading to inadequate learning on difficult problems which limits LLMs' ability. Therefore, this work proposes a difficulty-aware…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-03-13 Boyang Xue , Qi Zhu , Hongru Wang , Rui Wang , Sheng Wang , Hongling Xu , Fei Mi , Yasheng Wang , Lifeng Shang , Qun Liu , Kam-Fai Wong

Sparse-reward reinforcement learning (RL) can model a wide range of highly complex tasks. Solving sparse-reward tasks is RL's core premise, requiring efficient exploration coupled with long-horizon credit assignment, and overcoming these…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-10-21 Leander Diaz-Bone , Marco Bagatella , Jonas Hübotter , Andreas Krause

Self-awareness, i.e., the ability to assess and correct one's own generation, is a fundamental aspect of human intelligence, making its replication in large language models (LLMs) an important yet challenging task. Previous works tackle…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-07-16 Hyunseok Lee , Seunghyuk Oh , Jaehyung Kim , Jinwoo Shin , Jihoon Tack

Although deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms have made important achievements in many control tasks, they still suffer from the problems of sample inefficiency and unstable training process, which are usually caused by sparse…

机器人学 · 计算机科学 2020-02-28 Ke Lin , Liang Gong , Xudong Li , Te Sun , Binhao Chen , Chengliang Liu , Zhengfeng Zhang , Jian Pu , Junping Zhang

Reinforcement learning (RL) has recently become the dominant paradigm for strengthening the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs). Yet the rule-based reward functions commonly used on mathematical or programming benchmarks…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2025-09-09 Haoyang He , Zihua Rong , Kun Ji , Chenyang Li , Qing Huang , Chong Xia , Lan Yang , Honggang Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate transformative potential, yet their reasoning remains inconsistent and unreliable. Reinforcement learning (RL)-based fine-tuning is a key mechanism for improvement, but its effectiveness is…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-02-11 Pei-Chi Pan , Yingbin Liang , Sen Lin

Reinforcement learning exhibits potential in enhancing the reasoning abilities of large language models, yet it is hard to scale for the low sample efficiency during the rollout phase. Existing methods attempt to improve efficiency by…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-02-02 Deyang Kong , Qi Guo , Xiangyu Xi , Wei Wang , Jingang Wang , Xunliang Cai , Shikun Zhang , Wei Ye

Balancing exploration and exploitation remains a key challenge in reinforcement learning (RL). State-of-the-art RL algorithms suffer from high sample complexity, particularly in the sparse reward case, where they can do no better than to…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2020-01-22 Philippe Morere , Gilad Francis , Tom Blau , Fabio Ramos

Real-world sequential decision making is characterized by sparse rewards and large decision spaces, posing significant difficulty for experiential learning systems like $\textit{tabula rasa}$ reinforcement learning (RL) agents. Large…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-03-06 Hitesh Golchha , Sahil Yerawar , Dhruvesh Patel , Soham Dan , Keerthiram Murugesan

Recent advances of Reinforcement Learning (RL) have highlighted its potential in complex reasoning tasks, yet effective training often relies on external supervision, which limits the broader applicability. In this work, we propose a novel…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2025-06-11 Kongcheng Zhang , Qi Yao , Shunyu Liu , Yingjie Wang , Baisheng Lai , Jieping Ye , Mingli Song , Dacheng Tao

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit strong potential in mathematical reasoning, yet their effectiveness is often limited by a shortage of high-quality queries. This limitation necessitates scaling up computational responses through…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2025-05-20 Jingyue Gao , Runji Lin , Keming Lu , Bowen Yu , Junyang Lin , Jianyu Chen

Inspired by the success of reinforcement learning (RL) in Large Language Model (LLM) training for domains like math and code, recent works have begun exploring how to train LLMs to use search engines more effectively as tools for…

Scaling test-time computation with reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a reliable path to improve large language models (LLM) reasoning ability. Yet, outcome-based reward often incentivizes models to be overconfident, leading to…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-04-28 Liaoyaqi Wang , Chunsheng Zuo , William Jurayj , Benjamin Van Durme , Anqi Liu