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The development of large language models (LLMs) has significantly expanded model sizes, resulting in substantial GPU memory requirements during inference. The key and value storage of the attention map in the KV (key-value) cache accounts…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-10-25 Yifei Yang , Zouying Cao , Qiguang Chen , Libo Qin , Dongjie Yang , Hai Zhao , Zhi Chen

Large language models(LLMs) have sparked a new wave of exciting AI applications. Hosting these models at scale requires significant memory resources. One crucial memory bottleneck for the deployment stems from the context window. It is…

Index structures are important for efficient data access, which have been widely used to improve the performance in many in-memory systems. Due to high in-memory overheads, traditional index structures become difficult to process the…

数据库 · 计算机科学 2019-05-16 Pengfei Li , Yu Hua , Pengfei Zuo , Jingnan Jia

Transformer LLMs have been shown to exhibit strong reasoning ability that scales with inference-time compute, most prominently through token-space "thinking" chains of thought. A growing line of work pushes extra computation into the…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-03-26 Adnan Oomerjee , Zafeirios Fountas , Haitham Bou-Ammar , Jun Wang

Key-Value cache (\texttt{KV} \texttt{cache}) compression has emerged as a promising technique to optimize Large Language Model (LLM) serving. It primarily decreases the memory consumption of \texttt{KV} \texttt{cache} to reduce the…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-04-01 Wei Gao , Xinyu Zhou , Peng Sun , Tianwei Zhang , Yonggang Wen

Recently the generative Large Language Model (LLM) has achieved remarkable success in numerous applications. Notably its inference generates output tokens one-by-one, leading to many redundant computations. The widely-used KV-Cache…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-12-10 Weizhuo Li , Zhigang Wang , Yu Gu , Ge Yu

Large language models (LLMs) rely on Key-Value (KV) cache to reduce time-to-first-token (TTFT) latency, but existing disk-based KV cache systems using file-per-object layouts suffer from severe scalability bottlenecks due to file system…

数据库 · 计算机科学 2025-11-26 Weiping Yu , Ye Jiarui , He Mengke , Junfeng Liu , Siqiang Luo

KV cache has become a de facto technique for the inference of large language models (LLMs), where tensors of shape (layer number, head number, sequence length, feature dimension) are introduced to cache historical information for…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-05-19 Bokai Lin , Zihao Zeng , Zipeng Xiao , Siqi Kou , Tianqi Hou , Xiaofeng Gao , Hao Zhang , Zhijie Deng

Large language models (LLMs) utilize key-value (KV) cache to store historical information during sequence processing. The size of KV cache grows linearly as the length of the sequence extends, which seriously affects memory usage and…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-01-16 Yijun Liu , Yixuan Wang , Yuzhuang Xu , Shiyu Ji , Yang Xu , Qingfu Zhu , Wanxiang Che

The impressive capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) come at the cost of substantial computational resources during deployment. While KV Cache can significantly reduce recomputation during inference, it also introduces additional…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-05-19 Yi Su , Yuechi Zhou , Quantong Qiu , Juntao Li , Qingrong Xia , Ping Li , Xinyu Duan , Zhefeng Wang , Min Zhang

As large language models (LLMs) continue to scale, the memory footprint of key-value (KV) caches during inference has become a significant bottleneck. Existing approaches primarily focus on compressing KV caches within a single prompt or…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-12-18 Xinye Zhao , Spyridon Mastorakis

Incorporating external knowledge in large language models (LLMs) enhances their utility across diverse applications, but existing methods have trade-offs. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) fetches evidence via similarity search, but key…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-03-10 Giulio Corallo , Orion Weller , Fabio Petroni , Paolo Papotti

Sub-token routing provides a finer compression axis for transformer efficiency than the coarse units used in most prior work, such as tokens, pages, heads, or layers. In this paper, we study routing within a token representation itself in…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-05-07 Wei Jiang , Wei Wang

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs), including long short-term memory (LSTM) RNNs, have produced state-of-the-art results on a variety of speech recognition tasks. However, these models are often too large in size for deployment on mobile…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2016-04-12 Zhiyun Lu , Vikas Sindhwani , Tara N. Sainath

This work presents a novel means for understanding learning dynamics and scaling relations in neural networks. We show that certain measures on the spectrum of the empirical neural tangent kernel, specifically entropy and trace, yield…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-10-11 Samuel Tovey , Sven Krippendorf , Michael Spannowsky , Konstantin Nikolaou , Christian Holm

Large language models (LLMs) with extended context windows have become increasingly prevalent for tackling complex tasks. However, the substantial Key-Value (KV) cache required for long-context LLMs poses significant deployment challenges.…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-06-16 Jie Hu , Shengnan Wang , Yutong He , Ping Gong , Jiawei Yi , Juncheng Zhang , Youhui Bai , Renhai Chen , Gong Zhang , Cheng Li , Kun Yuan

Recent work in learning ontologies (hierarchical and partially-ordered structures) has leveraged the intrinsic geometry of spaces of learned representations to make predictions that automatically obey complex structural constraints. We…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2017-08-03 Xiang Li , Luke Vilnis , Andrew McCallum

KV cache compression methods have mainly relied on scalar quantization techniques to reduce the memory requirements during decoding. In this work, we apply residual vector quantization, which has been widely used for high fidelity audio…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-10-22 Ankur Kumar

Long-term conversational agents must decide which turns to store in external memory, yet recent systems rely on autoregressive LLM generation at every turn to make that decision. We present MemRouter, a write-side memory router that…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-05-04 Tianyu Hu , Weikai Lin , Weizhi Zhang , Jing Ma , Song Wang

Recent large language models (LLMs) face increasing inference latency as input context length and model size continue to grow. In particular, the retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) technique, which enhances LLM responses by incorporating…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2025-04-17 Hyungwoo Lee , Kihyun Kim , Jinwoo Kim , Jungmin So , Myung-Hoon Cha , Hong-Yeon Kim , James J. Kim , Youngjae Kim