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Key-Value Stores (KVS) implemented with log-structured merge-tree (LSM-tree) have gained widespread acceptance in storage systems. Nonetheless, a significant challenge arises in the form of high write amplification due to the compaction…

数据库 · 计算机科学 2025-08-20 Jianshun Zhang , Fang Wang , Sheng Qiu , Yi Wang , Jiaxin Ou , Junxun Huang , Baoquan Li , Peng Fang , Dan Feng

LSM-tree is a widely adopted data structure in modern key-value store systems that optimizes write performance in write-heavy applications by using append writes to achieve sequential writes. However, the unpredictability of LSM-tree…

数据库 · 计算机科学 2025-07-15 Yina Lv , Qiao Li , Quanqing Xu , Congming Gao , Chuanhui Yang , Xiaoli Wang , Chun Jason Xue

Log-structured merge tree (LSM-tree) based key-value stores are widely employed in large-scale storage systems. In the compaction of the key-value store, SSTables are merged with overlapping key ranges and sorted for data queries. This,…

分布式、并行与集群计算 · 计算机科学 2018-07-12 Hui Sun , Wei Liu , Jianzhong Huang , Weisong Shi

Persistent key-value (KV) stores mostly build on the Log-Structured Merge (LSM) tree for high write performance, yet the LSM-tree suffers from the inherently high I/O amplification. KV separation mitigates I/O amplification by storing only…

数据库 · 计算机科学 2019-06-18 Yongkun Li , Helen H. W. Chan , Patrick P. C. Lee , Yinlong Xu

Key-value (KV) separation is a technique that introduces randomness in the I/O access patterns to reduce I/O amplification in LSM-based key-value stores for fast storage devices (NVMe). KV separation has a significant drawback that makes it…

Large language models (LLMs) rely on Key-Value (KV) cache to reduce time-to-first-token (TTFT) latency, but existing disk-based KV cache systems using file-per-object layouts suffer from severe scalability bottlenecks due to file system…

数据库 · 计算机科学 2025-11-26 Weiping Yu , Ye Jiarui , He Mengke , Junfeng Liu , Siqiang Luo

Key\-value separation is used in LSM\-tree to stored large value in separate log files to reduce write amplification, but requires garbage collection to garbage collect invalid values. Existing garbage collection techniques in LSM\-tree…

数据库 · 计算机科学 2024-06-04 Zhutao Zhuang , Xinqi Zeng , Zhiguang Chen

The log-structured merge tree (LSM-tree) gains wide popularity in building key-value (KV) stores. It employs logs to back up arriving KV pairs and maintains a few on-disk levels with exponentially increasing capacity limits, resembling a…

数据结构与算法 · 计算机科学 2021-09-29 Yanpeng Hu , Chundong Wang

LSM-based key-value (KV) stores are an important component in modern data infrastructures. However, they suffer from high tail latency, in the order of several seconds, making them less attractive for user-facing applications. In this…

数据库 · 计算机科学 2024-07-23 Giorgos Xanthakis , Antonios Katsarakis , Giorgos Saloustros , Angelos Bilas

Log-Structured Merge tree (LSM tree) Key-Value (KV) stores have become a foundational layer in the storage stacks of datacenter and cloud services. Current approaches for achieving reliability and availability avoid replication at the KV…

数据库 · 计算机科学 2021-10-20 Michalis Vardoulakis , Giorgos Saloustros , Pilar González-Férez , Angelos Bilas

Key-value stores underpin a wide range of applications due to their simplicity and efficiency. Log-Structured Merge Trees (LSM-trees) dominate as their underlying structure, excelling at handling rapidly growing data. Recent research has…

数据库 · 计算机科学 2026-01-29 Junfeng Liu , Haoxuan Xie , Siqiang Luo

We present LearnedKV, a novel tiered key-value store that seamlessly integrates a Log-Structured Merge (LSM) tree with a Learned Index to achieve superior read and write performance on storage systems. While existing approaches use learned…

数据库 · 计算机科学 2025-04-14 Wenlong Wang , David Hung-Chang Du

LSM-tree based key-value (KV) stores organize data in a multi-level structure for high-speed writes. Range queries on traditional LSM-trees must seek and sort-merge data from multiple table files on the fly, which is expensive and often…

数据库 · 计算机科学 2021-01-27 Wenshao Zhong , Chen Chen , Xingbo Wu , Song Jiang

Log-Structured Merge (LSM) tree-based Key-Value Stores (KVSs) are widely adopted for their high performance in write-intensive environments, but they often face performance degradation due to write stalls during compaction. Prior solutions,…

硬件体系结构 · 计算机科学 2024-10-30 KiHwan Kim , Hyunsun Chung , Seonghoon Ahn , Junhyeok Park , Safdar Jamil , Hongsu Byun , Myungcheol Lee , Jinchun Choi , Youngjae Kim

The log-structured merge tree (LSM-tree) is widely employed to build key-value (KV) stores. LSM-tree organizes multiple levels in memory and on disk. The compaction of LSM-tree, which is used to redeploy KV pairs between on-disk levels in…

数据库 · 计算机科学 2023-08-01 Yanpeng Hu , Li Zhu , Lei Jia , Chundong Wang

Scan-based operations, such as backstage compaction and value filtering, have emerged as the main bottleneck for LSM-Trees in supporting contemporary data-intensive applications. For slower external storage devices, such as HDD and SATA…

数据库 · 计算机科学 2025-08-19 Jianfeng Huang , Ziyao Wang , Lin Yuan , Jiajie Wen , Yihao Cao , Dongjing Miao , Yong Wang , Jiahao Zhang

Log-Structured-Merge (LSM) tree-based key value stores are facing critical challenges of fully leveraging the dramatic performance improvements of the underlying storage devices, which makes the compaction operations of LSM key value stores…

分布式、并行与集群计算 · 计算机科学 2020-04-08 Peng Xu , Jiguang Wan , Ping Huang , Xiaogang Yang , Chenlei Tang , Fei Wu , Changsheng Xie

Key-Value cache (\texttt{KV} \texttt{cache}) compression has emerged as a promising technique to optimize Large Language Model (LLM) serving. It primarily decreases the memory consumption of \texttt{KV} \texttt{cache} to reduce the…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-04-01 Wei Gao , Xinyu Zhou , Peng Sun , Tianwei Zhang , Yonggang Wen

The Key-Value (KV) cache is a crucial component in serving transformer-based autoregressive large language models (LLMs), enabling faster inference by storing previously computed KV vectors. However, its memory consumption scales linearly…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-10-07 Rongzhi Zhang , Kuang Wang , Liyuan Liu , Shuohang Wang , Hao Cheng , Chao Zhang , Yelong Shen

Log-structured merge (LSM) trees offer efficient ingestion by appending incoming data, and thus, are widely used as the storage layer of production NoSQL data stores. To enable competitive read performance, LSM-trees periodically…

数据库 · 计算机科学 2022-03-01 Subhadeep Sarkar , Dimitris Staratzis , Zichen Zhu , Manos Athanassoulis
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