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The "LLM-as-a-Judge" paradigm, using Large Language Models (LLMs) as automated evaluators, is pivotal to LLM development, offering scalable feedback for complex tasks. However, the reliability of these judges is compromised by various…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-05-22 Qingquan Li , Shaoyu Dou , Kailai Shao , Chao Chen , Haixiang Hu

Evaluating large language models (LLMs) on open-ended tasks without ground-truth labels is increasingly done via the LLM-as-a-judge paradigm. A critical but under-modeled issue is that judge LLMs differ substantially in reliability;…

机器学习 · 统计学 2026-01-30 Mingyuan Xu , Xinzi Tan , Jiawei Wu , Doudou Zhou

Existing LLM-as-a-Judge systems suffer from three fundamental limitations: limited adaptivity to task- and domain-specific evaluation criteria, systematic biases driven by non-semantic cues such as position, length, format, and model…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-02-09 Bo Yang , Lanfei Feng , Yunkui Chen , Yu Zhang , Xiao Xu , Shijian Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities across various domains, prompting a surge in their practical applications. However, concerns have arisen regarding the trustworthiness of LLMs outputs, particularly in…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-05-08 Danna Zheng , Danyang Liu , Mirella Lapata , Jeff Z. Pan

New Large Language Models (LLMs) become available every few weeks, and modern application developers confronted with the unenviable task of having to decide if they should switch to a new model. While human evaluation remains the gold…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2025-12-25 Suryaansh Jain , Umair Z. Ahmed , Shubham Sahai , Ben Leong

LLM-as-a-Judge is a widely used method for evaluating the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) across various tasks. We address the challenge of quantifying the uncertainty of LLM-as-a-Judge evaluations. While uncertainty…

General-purpose Large Language Models (LLMs) are becoming widely adopted by people for mental health support. Yet emerging evidence suggests there are significant risks associated with high-frequency use, particularly for individuals…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-04-06 May Lynn Reese , Markela Zeneli , Mindy Ng , Jacob Haimes , Andreea Damien , Elizabeth Stade

LLM-as-a-Judge evaluation has become a standard tool for assessing base model performance. However, characterizing performance via the naive estimator, i.e., raw judge outputs, is systematically biased. Recent work has proposed estimators…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-05-11 James Fiedler

LLM-as-a-judge is a framework where a large language model (LLM) evaluates the output of another LLM. While LLMs excel at producing qualitative textual evaluations, they often struggle to predict human preferences and numeric scores. We…

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed across healthcare applications, including clinical documentation, diagnostic reasoning, medicine recommendation, and medical education. Their outputs are largely unstructured clinical…

计算机与社会 · 计算机科学 2026-05-26 Lingyao Li , Deyi Li , Chen Chen , Renkai Ma , Runlong Yu , Mingquan Lin , Rui Yin , Lizhou Fan , Cathy Shyr , Siyuan Ma , Mei Liu , Steven Bethard

Large language models (LLMs) are being widely applied across various fields, but as tasks become more complex, evaluating their responses is increasingly challenging. Compared to human evaluators, the use of LLMs to support performance…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2025-04-25 Yuran Li , Jama Hussein Mohamud , Chongren Sun , Di Wu , Benoit Boulet

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in high-stakes settings, where overconfident responses can mislead users. Reliable confidence estimation has been shown to enhance trust and task accuracy. Yet existing methods face…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-09-30 Linwei Tao , Yi-Fan Yeh , Bo Kai , Minjing Dong , Tao Huang , Tom A. Lamb , Jialin Yu , Philip H. S. Torr , Chang Xu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional capabilities across diverse tasks, driving the development and widespread adoption of LLM-as-a-Judge systems for automated evaluation, including red teaming and benchmarking.…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-11-18 Songze Li , Chuokun Xu , Jiaying Wang , Xueluan Gong , Chen Chen , Jirui Zhang , Jun Wang , Kwok-Yan Lam , Shouling Ji

Extractive reading comprehension question answering (QA) datasets are typically evaluated using Exact Match (EM) and F1-score, but these metrics often fail to fully capture model performance. With the success of large language models…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-04-23 Xanh Ho , Jiahao Huang , Florian Boudin , Akiko Aizawa

As Large Language Models (LLMs) become integrated into high-stakes domains, there is a growing need for evaluation methods that are both scalable for real-time deployment and reliable for critical decision-making. While human evaluation is…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2025-12-02 Xiaochuan Li , Ke Wang , Girija Gouda , Shubham Choudhary , Yaqun Wang , Linwei Hu , Joel Vaughan , Freddy Lecue

We investigate the calibration of large language models' (LLMs') confidence across diverse tasks. The results of our preregistered study show that the current crop of LLMs are, like people, too sure they are right: confidence exceeds…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2026-05-26 Noam Michael , Daniel BenShushan , Jacob Bien , Don A. Moore

Traditional reference-based metrics, such as BLEU and ROUGE, are less effective for assessing outputs from Large Language Models (LLMs) that produce highly creative or superior-quality text, or in situations where reference outputs are…

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has driven their expanding application across various fields. One of the most promising applications is their role as evaluators based on natural language responses, referred to as…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-12-11 Haitao Li , Qian Dong , Junjie Chen , Huixue Su , Yujia Zhou , Qingyao Ai , Ziyi Ye , Yiqun Liu

While LLM-as-a-Judge is widely used in automated evaluation, existing validation practices primarily operate at the level of observed outputs, offering limited insight into whether LLM judges themselves function as stable and reliable…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2026-02-03 Junhyuk Choi , Sohhyung Park , Chanhee Cho , Hyeonchu Park , Bugeun Kim

LLM-as-a-judge has become a promising paradigm for using large language models (LLMs) to evaluate natural language generation (NLG), but the uncertainty of its evaluation remains underexplored. This lack of reliability may limit its…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-09-24 Huanxin Sheng , Xinyi Liu , Hangfeng He , Jieyu Zhao , Jian Kang