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While watermarks for closed LLMs have matured and have been included in large-scale deployments, these methods are not applicable to open-source models, which allow users full control over the decoding process. This setting is understudied…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-02-18 Thibaud Gloaguen , Nikola Jovanović , Robin Staab , Martin Vechev

Given a text, can we determine whether it was generated by a large language model (LLM) or by a human? A widely studied approach to this problem is watermarking. We propose an undetectable and elementary watermarking scheme in the closed…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-06-26 Pedro Abdalla , Roman Vershynin

The growing deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) has raised concerns about their misuse in generating harmful or deceptive content. To address this issue, watermarking methods have been proposed to embed identifiable multi-bit…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-05-12 Jiahao Xu , Rui Hu , Olivera Kotevska , Zikai Zhang

Watermarking for large language models (LLMs) has emerged as an effective tool for distinguishing AI-generated text from human-written content. Statistically, watermark schemes induce dependence between generated tokens and a pseudo-random…

统计方法学 · 统计学 2026-04-13 Weijie Su , Ruodu Wang , Zinan Zhao

Large language models (LLMs) have show great ability in various natural language tasks. However, there are concerns that LLMs are possible to be used improperly or even illegally. To prevent the malicious usage of LLMs, detecting…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-04-02 Jie Ren , Han Xu , Yiding Liu , Yingqian Cui , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Jiliang Tang

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has significantly enhanced the capabilities of text generators. With the potential for misuse escalating, the importance of discerning whether texts are human-authored or generated by…

多媒体 · 计算机科学 2024-03-12 Travis Munyer , Abdullah Tanvir , Arjon Das , Xin Zhong

Large language models generate high-quality responses with potential misinformation, underscoring the need for regulation by distinguishing AI-generated and human-written texts. Watermarking is pivotal in this context, which involves…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-06-07 Mingjia Huo , Sai Ashish Somayajula , Youwei Liang , Ruisi Zhang , Farinaz Koushanfar , Pengtao Xie

LLMs now exhibit human-like skills in various fields, leading to worries about misuse. Thus, detecting generated text is crucial. However, passive detection methods are stuck in domain specificity and limited adversarial robustness. To…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2023-05-17 Xi Yang , Kejiang Chen , Weiming Zhang , Chang Liu , Yuang Qi , Jie Zhang , Han Fang , Nenghai Yu

Watermarking generative-AI systems, such as LLMs, has gained considerable interest, driven by their enhanced capabilities across a wide range of tasks. Although current approaches have demonstrated that small, context-dependent shifts in…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-03-29 Piotr Molenda , Adian Liusie , Mark J. F. Gales

The capabilities of large language models have grown significantly in recent years and so too have concerns about their misuse. It is important to be able to distinguish machine-generated text from human-authored content. Prior works have…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-10-15 Julien Piet , Chawin Sitawarin , Vivian Fang , Norman Mu , David Wagner

Text watermarking algorithms are crucial for protecting the copyright of textual content. Historically, their capabilities and application scenarios were limited. However, recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-08-12 Aiwei Liu , Leyi Pan , Yijian Lu , Jingjing Li , Xuming Hu , Xi Zhang , Lijie Wen , Irwin King , Hui Xiong , Philip S. Yu

To mitigate the potential harms of Large Language Models (LLMs)generated text, researchers have proposed watermarking, a process of embedding detectable signals within text. With watermarking, we can always accurately detect LLM-generated…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-11-19 William Guo , Adaku Uchendu , Ana Smith

Watermarking has emerged as a promising solution for tracing and authenticating text generated by large language models (LLMs). A common approach to LLM watermarking is to construct a green/red token list and assign higher or lower…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-10-27 Li An , Yujian Liu , Yepeng Liu , Yuheng Bu , Yang Zhang , Shiyu Chang

The widespread adoption of large language models (LLMs) necessitates reliable methods to detect LLM-generated text. We introduce SimMark, a robust sentence-level watermarking algorithm that makes LLMs' outputs traceable without requiring…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-09-12 Amirhossein Dabiriaghdam , Lele Wang

The rapid development of Large Language Models (LLMs) has intensified concerns about content traceability and potential misuse. Existing watermarking schemes for sampled text often face trade-offs between maintaining text quality and…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-04-17 Shizhan Cai , Liang Ding , Dacheng Tao

The rapid development of LLMs has raised concerns about their potential misuse, leading to various watermarking schemes that typically offer high detectability. However, existing watermarking techniques often face trade-off between…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-10-21 Chenrui Wang , Junyi Shu , Billy Chiu , Yu Li , Saleh Alharbi , Min Zhang , Jing Li

As large language models (LLMs) grow more powerful, concerns over copyright infringement of LLM-generated texts have intensified. LLM watermarking has been proposed to trace unauthorized redistribution or resale of generated content by…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-08-05 Qihao Lin , Chen Tang , Lan zhang , Junyang zhang , Xiangyang Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities of generating texts resembling human language. However, they can be misused by criminals to create deceptive content, such as fake news and phishing emails, which raises…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-01-29 Wenjie Qu , Wengrui Zheng , Tianyang Tao , Dong Yin , Yanze Jiang , Zhihua Tian , Wei Zou , Jinyuan Jia , Jiaheng Zhang

The task of discerning between generated and natural texts is increasingly challenging. In this context, watermarking emerges as a promising technique for ascribing generated text to a specific model. It alters the sampling generation…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2023-11-09 Pierre Fernandez , Antoine Chaffin , Karim Tit , Vivien Chappelier , Teddy Furon

Large language models (LLMs) can be trained or fine-tuned on data obtained without the owner's consent. Verifying whether a specific LLM was trained on particular data instances or an entire dataset is extremely challenging. Dataset…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-10-07 Eyal German , Sagiv Antebi , Edan Habler , Asaf Shabtai , Yuval Elovici