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The growing integration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) into modern power systems poses significant challenges for maintaining reliable operation under dynamic and constrained conditions. This paper focuses on the power tracking problem…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2025-03-17 Zixiao Ma , Baosen Zhang

Inverter-based resources (IBRs) are becoming increasingly prevalent in power systems. Due to the inherently low inertia of inverters, there is a heightened risk of disruptive voltage oscillations. A particular challenge in the operation of…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2023-11-21 Zixiao Ma , Baosen Zhang

Grid-forming (GFM) capability requirements are increasingly imposed on grid-connected voltage-source converters (VSCs). Under large grid disturbances, GFM-VSCs need to remain stable while providing GFM services. Yet, such objectives, as…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2023-04-24 Heng Wu , Xiongfei Wang

The widely accepted definition of grid-forming (GFM) inverter states that it should behave as a (nearly) constant voltage source behind an impedance by maintaining a (nearly) constant internal voltage phasor in the sub-transient to…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2026-04-10 Ambuj Gupta , Balarko Chaudhuri , Mark O'Malley

Unlike conventional generators, inverter-based generation do not possess any rotational inertia. While grid-forming inverters can synthesize small (virtual) inertia via advanced feedback control loops, additional control mechanisms are…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2020-03-25 Soumya Kundu , Karanjit Kalsi

Grid-forming (GFM) inverter-based resources (IBRs) can emulate the external characteristics of synchronous generators (SGs) through appropriate control loop design. However, in systems with GFM IBRs, the apparent impedance trajectory under…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2025-03-18 Yanshu Niu , Zhe Yang , Bikash C. Pal

Inverter-based storages are poised to play a prominent role in future power grids with massive renewable generation. Grid-forming inverters (GFMs) are emerging as a dominant technology with synchronous generators (SG)-like characteristics…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2024-10-22 Ramij Raja Hossain , Kaustav Chatterjee , Sai Pushpak Nandanoori , Soumya Kundu , Laurentiu Marinovici , Karan Kalsi , Diane Baldwin

We present a novel, integrated control framework designed to achieve seamless transitions among a spectrum of inverter operation modes. The operation spectrum includes grid-forming (GFM), grid-following (GFL), static synchronous compensator…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2024-10-14 Alireza Askarian , Jaesang Park , Srinivasa Salapaka

The large-scale integration of inverter-interfaced renewable energy sources presents significant challenges to maintaining power balance and nominal frequency in modern power systems. This paper studies grid-level coordinated control of…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2026-05-05 Xiaoyang Wang , Xin Chen

Grid-forming (GFM) converters face significant challenges in limiting current during transient grid events while preserving their grid-forming behavior. This paper offers an elegant solution to the problem with a priori guarantees,…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2025-03-14 Michael Schneeberger , Silvia Mastellone , Florian Dörfler

In power systems with high penetration of power electronics, grid-forming control is proposed to replace traditional Grid-Following Converter (GFL) in order to improve the overall system strength and resist small-signal instability in weak…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2023-07-31 Guoxuan Cui , Zhongda Chu , Fei Teng

Grid-interfacing inverters serve as the interface between renewable energy resources and the electric power grid, offering fast, programmable control capabilities. However, their operation is constrained by hardware limitations, such as…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2026-01-16 Trager Joswig-Jones , Baosen Zhang

Data center loads have expanded significantly in recent years. Compared to traditional loads, data centers are highly sensitive to voltage deviations and thus their protection mechanisms trip more proactively during voltage fluctuations.…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2025-10-07 Yiheng Xie , Wenqi Cui , Adam Wierman

Grid-forming (GFM) inverter-based resources (IBRs) are capable of emulating the external characteristics of synchronous generators (SGs) through the careful design of the control loops. However, the current limiter in the control loops of…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2025-12-12 Yanshu Niu , Zhe Yang , Bikash C. Pal

With the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources, grid-forming (GFM) inverters are becoming essential for voltage and frequency regulation. However, the transient stability of GFM inverter is critically affected by the current…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2026-03-03 Dewan Mahnaaz Mahmud , Vinu Thomas , Bogdan Marinescu , Mickaël Hilairet

There has been widespread global increasing use of renewable energy sources, which are usually connected to the electricity grids via power electronic inverters. Traditionally, these inverter-based resources operate in either grid-forming…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2026-04-07 Zhenshuai Liu , Yitong Li , Zirui Wang , Jiashuo Gu , Yao Qin , Jinjun Liu

The renewable energy is connected to the power grid through power electronic converters, which are lack of make the inertia of synchronous generator/machine (SM) be lost. The increasing penetration of renewable energy in power system…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2020-09-15 Yuan Gao , Hai-Peng Ren , Jie Li

The widespread deployment of inverter-based resources (IBRs) renders distribution systems susceptible to transmission-level faults. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the impact of transmission-level faults on 3-phase and…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2024-04-02 Qi Xiao , Jongha Woo , Lidong Song , Bei Xu , David Lubkeman , Ning Lu , Abdul Shafae Mohammed , Johan Enslin , Cara De Coste Chacko , Kat Sico , Steven G. Whisenant

Voltage support capability is critical for grid-forming (GFM) inverters with current-limiting control (CLC) during grid faults. Despite the findings on the voltage support for symmetrical grid faults, its applicability to more common but…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2024-11-08 Han Zhang , Rui Liu , Yunwei , Li

Grid-interfacing inverters allow renewable resources to be connected to the electric grid and offer fast and programmable control responses. However, inverters are subject to significant physical constraints. One such constraint is a…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2025-03-25 Trager Joswig-Jones , Baosen Zhang