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The ability to detect OOD data is a crucial aspect of practical machine learning applications. In this work, we show that cosine similarity between the test feature and the typical ID feature is a good indicator of OOD data. We propose…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2023-06-28 Nguyen Ngoc-Hieu , Nguyen Hung-Quang , The-Anh Ta , Thanh Nguyen-Tang , Khoa D Doan , Hoang Thanh-Tung

For a machine learning model deployed in real world scenarios, the ability of detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) samples is indispensable and challenging. Most existing OOD detection methods focused on exploring advanced training skills or…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-02-16 Chao Chen , Zhihang Fu , Kai Liu , Ze Chen , Mingyuan Tao , Jieping Ye

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection aims to detect test samples that do not fall into any training in-distribution (ID) classes. Prior efforts focus on regularizing models with ID data only, largely underperforming counterparts that utilize…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-05-20 Puning Yang , Jian Liang , Jie Cao , Ran He

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a critical task for ensuring the reliability and safety of deep neural networks in real-world scenarios. Different from most previous OOD detection methods that focus on designing OOD scores or…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2022-10-11 Yao Zhu , YueFeng Chen , Chuanlong Xie , Xiaodan Li , Rong Zhang , Hui Xue , Xiang Tian , bolun zheng , Yaowu Chen

The core of out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is to learn the in-distribution (ID) representation, which is distinguishable from OOD samples. Previous work applied recognition-based methods to learn the ID features, which tend to learn…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2023-04-12 Jingyao Li , Pengguang Chen , Shaozuo Yu , Zexin He , Shu Liu , Jiaya Jia

We study the problem of Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection, that is, detecting whether a learning algorithm's output can be trusted at inference time. While a number of tests for OOD detection have been proposed in prior work, a formal…

机器学习 · 统计学 2023-09-19 Akshayaa Magesh , Venugopal V. Veeravalli , Anirban Roy , Susmit Jha

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is vital to safety-critical machine learning applications and has thus been extensively studied, with a plethora of methods developed in the literature. However, the field currently lacks a unified,…

We present a new methodology for detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) images by utilizing norms of the score estimates at multiple noise scales. A score is defined to be the gradient of the log density with respect to the input data. Our…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2021-03-24 Ahsan Mahmood , Junier Oliva , Martin Styner

The ability to detect out-of-distribution (OOD) samples is vital to secure the reliability of deep neural networks in real-world applications. Considering the nature of OOD samples, detection methods should not have hyperparameters that…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2019-11-27 Engkarat Techapanurak , Masanori Suganuma , Takayuki Okatani

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) data is a task that is receiving an increasing amount of research attention in the domain of deep learning for computer vision. However, the performance of detection methods is generally evaluated on the…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2023-03-15 Guoxuan Xia , Christos-Savvas Bouganis

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) data is crucial for ensuring the safe deployment of machine learning models in real-world applications. However, existing OOD detection approaches primarily rely on the feature maps or the full gradient…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2023-08-02 Sima Behpour , Thang Doan , Xin Li , Wenbin He , Liang Gou , Liu Ren

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection identifies test samples that fall outside a model's training distribution, a capability critical for safe deployment in high-stakes applications. Standard OOD detectors are trained on a specific…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2026-05-14 Shawn Li , You Qin , Jiate Li , Charith Peris , Lisa Bauer , Roger Zimmermann , Yue Zhao

A key feature of out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is to exploit a trained neural network by extracting statistical patterns and relationships through the multi-layer classifier to detect shifts in the expected input data distribution.…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2023-06-07 Eduardo Dadalto , Pierre Colombo , Guillaume Staerman , Nathan Noiry , Pablo Piantanida

Graph Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection aims to identify whether a test graph deviates from the distribution of graphs observed during training, which is critical for ensuring the reliability of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) when deployed…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-02-20 Luzhi Wang , Xuanshuo Fu , He Zhang , Chuang Liu , Xiaobao Wang , Hongbo Liu

Neural networks are known to produce over-confident predictions on input images, even when these images are out-of-distribution (OOD) samples. This limits the applications of neural network models in real-world scenarios, where OOD samples…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2022-07-19 Ke Fan , Yikai Wang , Qian Yu , Da Li , Yanwei Fu

The ability of a deep learning network to distinguish between in-distribution (ID) and out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs is crucial for ensuring the reliability and trustworthiness of AI systems. Existing OOD detection methods often involve…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-12-25 Gagandeep Singh , Ishan Mishra , Deepak Mishra

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs during the inference stage is crucial for deploying neural networks in the real world. Previous methods commonly relied on the output of a network derived from the highly activated feature map. In…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2023-03-03 Yeonguk Yu , Sungho Shin , Seongju Lee , Changhyun Jun , Kyoobin Lee

Neural networks have achieved impressive performance for data in the distribution which is the same as the training set but can produce an overconfident incorrect result for the data these networks have never seen. Therefore, it is…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2022-08-22 Jinhong Lin

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, which maps high-dimensional data into a scalar OOD score, is critical for the reliable deployment of machine learning models. A key challenge in recent research is how to effectively leverage and…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-02-06 Claus Hofmann , Christian Huber , Bernhard Lehner , Daniel Klotz , Sepp Hochreiter , Werner Zellinger

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is indispensable for machine learning models deployed in the open world. Recently, the use of an auxiliary outlier dataset during training (also known as outlier exposure) has shown promising performance.…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2022-06-29 Yifei Ming , Ying Fan , Yixuan Li