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Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) enhances large language models (LLMs) by retrieving documents from an external corpus at inference time. When this corpus contains sensitive information, however, unprotected RAG systems are at risk of…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-11-12 Ruihan Wu , Erchi Wang , Zhiyuan Zhang , Yu-Xiang Wang

RAG has emerged as a key technique for enhancing response quality of LLMs without high computational cost. In traditional architectures, RAG services are provided by a single entity that hosts the dataset within a trusted local environment.…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-01-21 Huanyi Ye , Jiale Guo , Ziyao Liu , Kwok-Yan Lam

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enables large language models to use external knowledge, but outsourcing the RAG service raises privacy concerns for both data owners and users. Privacy-preserving RAG systems address these concerns by…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-05-29 Yulong Ming , Mingyue Wang , Jijia Yang , Jie Xu , Zihan Wu , Cong Wang , Xiaohua Jia

With the recent remarkable advancement of large language models (LLMs), there has been a growing interest in utilizing them in the domains with highly sensitive data that lies outside their training data. For this purpose,…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-11-13 Tatsuki Koga , Ruihan Wu , Zhiyuan Zhang , Kamalika Chaudhuri

The widespread adoption of Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems in real-world applications has heightened concerns about the confidentiality and integrity of their proprietary knowledge bases. These knowledge bases, which play a…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-03-21 Pengcheng Zhou , Yinglun Feng , Zhongliang Yang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is essential for enhancing Large Language Models (LLMs) with external knowledge, but its reliance on cloud environments exposes sensitive data to privacy risks. Existing privacy-preserving solutions…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-05-01 Zhijun Li , Minghui Xu , Huayi Qi , Wenxuan Yu , Tingchuang Zhang , Qiao Zhang , GuangYong Shang , Zhen Ma , Xiuzhen Cheng

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is a powerful technique to facilitate language model with proprietary and private data, where data privacy is a pivotal concern. Whereas extensive research has demonstrated the privacy risks of large…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-03-03 Shenglai Zeng , Jiankun Zhang , Pengfei He , Yue Xing , Yiding Liu , Han Xu , Jie Ren , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Yi Chang , Jiliang Tang

Organizations seeking to utilize Large Language Models (LLMs) for knowledge querying and analysis often encounter challenges in maintaining an LLM fine-tuned on targeted, up-to-date information that keeps answers relevant and grounded.…

The continued promise of Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly in their natural language understanding and generation capabilities, has driven a rapidly increasing interest in identifying and developing LLM use cases. In an effort to…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-01-08 Andreea-Elena Bodea , Stephen Meisenbacher , Alexandra Klymenko , Florian Matthes

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) is a promising technique for mitigating two key limitations of large language models (LLMs): outdated information and hallucinations. RAG system stores documents as embedding vectors in a database. Given…

信息检索 · 计算机科学 2026-02-10 Taehee Jeong , Xingzhe Zhao , Peizu Li , Markus Valvur , Weihua Zhao

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has become a foundational component of modern AI systems, yet it introduces significant privacy risks by exposing user queries to service providers. To address this, we introduce PIR-RAG, a practical…

信息检索 · 计算机科学 2025-09-29 Baiqiang Wang , Qian Lou , Mengxin Zheng , Dongfang Zhao

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is an emerging approach in natural language processing that combines large language models (LLMs) with external document retrieval to produce more accurate and grounded responses. While RAG has shown…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-09-25 Atousa Arzanipour , Rouzbeh Behnia , Reza Ebrahimi , Kaushik Dutta

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances large language models (LLMs) by grounding them in external knowledge. However, its application in sensitive domains is limited by privacy risks. Existing private RAG methods typically rely on…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-05-13 Junki Mori , Kazuya Kakizaki , Taiki Miyagawa , Jun Sakuma

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as the dominant technique to provide \emph{Large Language Models} (LLM) with fresh and relevant context, mitigating the risk of hallucinations and improving the overall quality of responses…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-01-23 Nicolas Grislain

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is a powerful technique for enhancing Large Language Models (LLMs) with external, up-to-date knowledge. Graph RAG has emerged as an advanced paradigm that leverages graph-based knowledge structures to…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-08-26 Jiale Liu , Jiahao Zhang , Suhang Wang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is an advanced technique designed to address the challenges of Artificial Intelligence-Generated Content (AIGC). By integrating context retrieval into content generation, RAG provides reliable and…

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) improves factuality by grounding LLMs in external knowledge, yet conventional centralized RAG requires aggregating distributed data, raising privacy risks and incurring high retrieval latency and cost.…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2026-01-29 Wenqing Zhou , Yuxuan Yan , Qianqian Yang

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has rapidly emerged as a transformative approach for integrating large language models into clinical and biomedical workflows. However, privacy risks, such as protected health information (PHI) exposure,…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-11-18 Shaowei Guan , Hin Chi Kwok , Ngai Fong Law , Gregor Stiglic , Harry Qin , Vivian Hui

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as the de facto industry standard for user-facing NLP applications, offering the ability to integrate data without re-training or fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs). This capability…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-01-13 Lukas Ammann , Sara Ott , Christoph R. Landolt , Marco P. Lehmann

Existing Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems face challenges in enterprise settings due to limited retrieval scope and data security risks. When relevant internal documents are unavailable, the system struggles to generate accurate…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-07-18 Grace Byun , Shinsun Lee , Nayoung Choi , Jinho D. Choi
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