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Rydberg atoms as versatile tools for quantum applications are extremely sensitive to electric fields. When utilizing these atoms, it becomes imperative to comprehensively characterize and mitigate any residual electric fields present in the…

It is the pursuit of a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) system to approach and even break the limit of channel capacity. However, it is always a big challenge to efficiently characterize the MIMO systems in complex space and get better…

The exploitation of sub-MHz (\textless 1 MHz) can be beneficial for a plethora of applications like underwater vehicular communication, subsurface exploration, low-frequency navigation etc. The traditional electrical receivers in this band…

Rydberg atom-based sensors use atoms dressed by lasers to detect and measure radio frequency electromagnetic fields. The absorptive properties of the atomic gas, configured as a Rydberg atom-based sensor, change in the presence of a radio…

Recently, Rydberg atom has emerged as an attractive choice to realize quantum sensing of low-frequency electric field. The progress so far has mostly utilized the intensity and phase changes in probe laser and the corresponding detection…

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication has led to immense enhancements in data rates and efficient spectrum management. The evolution of MIMO, though, has been accompanied by increased hardware complexity and array sizes,…

Rydberg atoms with principal quantum number n >> 1 have exaggerated atomic properties including dipole-dipole interactions that scale as n^4 and radiative lifetimes that scale as n^3. It was proposed a decade ago to take advantage of these…

Rydberg atomic sensors and receivers have enabled sensitive and traceable measurements of RF fields at a wide range of frequencies. Here we demonstrate the detection of electric field amplitude in the extremely high frequency (EHF) band, at…

Radio frequency antennas based on highly excited Rydberg atom vapors can in principle reach sensitivities beyond those of any conventional wire antenna, especially at lower frequencies where very long wires are needed to accommodate the…

As the backbone of the fifth-generation (5G) cellular network, massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) encounters a significant challenge in practical applications: how to deploy a large number of antenna elements within limited…

Quantum sensing has attracted significant attention due to its ability to measure physical quantities with extremely high accuracy. Rydberg atoms - typically alkali atoms with a highly excited valence electron that is far from the nucleus -…

Rydberg atomic receivers have recently emerged as a promising platform for radio-frequency (RF) sensing and reception due to their intrinsic broadband response and calibration-free operation. Most existing receivers rely on four-level…

Rydberg states of alkali atoms, where the outer valence electron is excited to high principal quantum numbers, have large electric dipole moments allowing them to be used as sensitive, wideband, electric field sensors. These sensors use…

Rydberg molecule, formed by one or more Rydberg atoms, exhibits remarkable properties, including an exceptionally large spatial extent, rich rovibrational level structures, permanent electric dipole moments, and a pronounced sensitivity to…

Governed by the hairy ball theorem, classical antennas with isotropic responses to linearly polarized radio waves are unrealizable. This work shows that the antenna based on Rydberg atoms can theoretically achieve an ideal isotropic…

Microwave (MW) field sensing is foundational to modern technology, yet its evolution, reliant on classical antennas, is constrained by fundamental physical limits on field, temporal, and spatial resolutions. Here, we demonstrate an MW…

Rydberg atoms are currently a very fast advancing quantum platform. For many interesting and demanding applications, including quantum computation, fast detection of a Rydberg excitation or a Rydberg qubit for information readout would be…

Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in atomic systems involving Rydberg states is known to be a sensitive probe of incident microwave (MW) fields, in particular those resonant with Rydberg-to-Rydberg transitions. Here we propose…

Ultralong-range Rydberg molecules, composed of an excited Rydberg atom and a ground-state atom, are characterized by large bond lengths, dipole moments, sensitivity to external fields, and an unusual binding mechanism based on low-energy…

Rydberg atoms have attracted significant interest recently as electric field sensors. In order to assess potential applications, detailed understanding of relevant figures of merit is necessary, particularly in relation to other, more…