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Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a promising paradigm for post-training reasoning models. However, group-based methods such as Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) face a critical dilemma in…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-04-07 Yuning Wu , Ke Wang , Devin Chen , Kai Wei

Most of reinforcement learning algorithms optimize the discounted criterion which is beneficial to accelerate the convergence and reduce the variance of estimates. Although the discounted criterion is appropriate for certain tasks such as…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2021-11-02 Xiaoteng Ma , Xiaohang Tang , Li Xia , Jun Yang , Qianchuan Zhao

Reinforcement Learning (RL) in partially observable environments poses significant challenges due to the complexity of learning under uncertainty. While additional information, such as that available in simulations, can enhance training,…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-03-16 Yueheng Li , Guangming Xie , Zongqing Lu

We consider the problem of learning control policies that optimize a reward function while satisfying constraints due to considerations of safety, fairness, or other costs. We propose a new algorithm, Projection-Based Constrained Policy…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2020-10-08 Tsung-Yen Yang , Justinian Rosca , Karthik Narasimhan , Peter J. Ramadge

Flow-matching policies have emerged as a powerful paradigm for generalist robotics. These models are trained to imitate an action chunk, conditioned on sensor observations and textual instructions. Often, training demonstrations are…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-07-22 Samuel Pfrommer , Yixiao Huang , Somayeh Sojoudi

Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a popular model-free reinforcement learning algorithm, esteemed for its simplicity and efficacy. However, due to its inherent on-policy nature, its proficiency in harnessing data from disparate policies…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-06-07 Yaozhong Gan , Renye Yan , Xiaoyang Tan , Zhe Wu , Junliang Xing

While originally developed for continuous control problems, Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) has emerged as the work-horse of a variety of reinforcement learning (RL) applications, including the fine-tuning of generative models.…

Racing demands each vehicle to drive at its physical limits, when any safety infraction could lead to catastrophic failure. In this work, we study the problem of safe reinforcement learning (RL) for autonomous racing, using the vehicle's…

机器人学 · 计算机科学 2021-12-02 Bingqing Chen , Jonathan Francis , Jean Oh , Eric Nyberg , Sylvia L. Herbert

Chemical process optimization and control are affected by 1) plant-model mismatch, 2) process disturbances, and 3) constraints for safe operation. Reinforcement learning by policy optimization would be a natural way to solve this due to its…

Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as an effective approach for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs), especially in scenarios where supervised fine-tuning (SFT) falls short due to limited…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-04-15 Jian Xiong , Jingbo Zhou , Jingyong Ye , Qiang Huang , Dejing Dou

Safety exploration can be regarded as a constrained Markov decision problem where the expected long-term cost is constrained. Previous off-policy algorithms convert the constrained optimization problem into the corresponding unconstrained…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-10-28 Hengrui Zhang , Youfang Lin , Sheng Han , Shuo Wang , Kai Lv

We study reinforcement learning (RL) in the setting of continuous time and space, for an infinite horizon with a discounted objective and the underlying dynamics driven by a stochastic differential equation. Built upon recent advances in…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2023-10-19 Hanyang Zhao , Wenpin Tang , David D. Yao

In the classical Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) framework, Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is employed to learn from sparse, sentence-level rewards -- a challenging scenario in traditional deep reinforcement learning.…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-05-22 Han Zhong , Zikang Shan , Guhao Feng , Wei Xiong , Xinle Cheng , Li Zhao , Di He , Jiang Bian , Liwei Wang

As autonomous robots move into complex, dynamic real-world environments, they must learn to navigate safely in real time, yet anticipating all possible behaviors is infeasible. We propose a composable, model-free reinforcement learning…

机器人学 · 计算机科学 2026-02-16 Xinhuan Sang , Abdelrahman Abdelgawad , Roberto Tron

Safe Reinforcement Learning (RL) often faces significant issues such as constraint violations and instability, necessitating the use of constrained policy optimization, which seeks optimal policies while ensuring adherence to specific…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-08-07 Ning Yang , Pengyu Wang , Guoqing Liu , Haifeng Zhang , Pin Lv , Jun Wang

Recent advances in deep reinforcement learning (RL) have achieved strong results on high-dimensional control tasks, but applying RL to reachability problems raises a fundamental mismatch: reachability seeks to maximize the set of states…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-02-18 Oswin So , Eric Yang Yu , Songyuan Zhang , Matthew Cleaveland , Mitchell Black , Chuchu Fan

Practical reinforcement learning problems are often formulated as constrained Markov decision process (CMDP) problems, in which the agent has to maximize the expected return while satisfying a set of prescribed safety constraints. In this…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2019-09-23 Shin-ichi Maeda , Hayato Watahiki , Shintarou Okada , Masanori Koyama

An important problem in reinforcement learning is designing agents that learn to solve tasks safely in an environment. A common solution is for a human expert to define either a penalty in the reward function or a cost to be minimised when…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2023-06-02 Geraud Nangue Tasse , Tamlin Love , Mark Nemecek , Steven James , Benjamin Rosman

The goal of robust constrained reinforcement learning (RL) is to optimize an agent's performance under the worst-case model uncertainty while satisfying safety or resource constraints. In this paper, we demonstrate that strong duality does…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-09-23 Shaocong Ma , Ziyi Chen , Yi Zhou , Heng Huang

Proximal policy optimization (PPO) is one of the most popular deep reinforcement learning (RL) methods, achieving state-of-the-art performance across a wide range of challenging tasks. However, as a model-free RL method, the success of PPO…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2019-11-11 Yuhui Wang , Hao He , Xiaoyang Tan , Yaozhong Gan