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Transformer models have driven breakthroughs across various language tasks by their strong capability to learn rich contextual representations. Scaling them to improve representation, however, often demands substantial memory and compute…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-10-24 Zhoutong Wu , Yuan Zhang , Yiming Dong , Chenheng Zhang , Cong Fang , Kun Yuan , Zhouchen Lin

To enhance the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) without high costs of training, nor extensive test-time sampling, we introduce Verification-First (VF), a strategy that prompts models to verify a provided candidate…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-05-26 Shiguang Wu , Quanming Yao

Recent advances in long-text understanding have pushed the context length of large language models (LLMs) up to one million tokens. It boosts LLMs's accuracy and reasoning capacity but causes exorbitant computational costs and…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-05-19 Huan Yang , Renji Zhang , Mingzhe Huang , Weijun Wang , Yin Tang , Yuanchun Li , Yunxin Liu , Deyu Zhang

Huge memory consumption has been a major bottleneck for deploying high-throughput large language models in real-world applications. In addition to the large number of parameters, the key-value (KV) cache for the attention mechanism in the…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-06-05 Haoyi Wu , Kewei Tu

Large language models (LLMs) based on Transformer Decoders have become the preferred choice for conversational generative AI. Despite the overall superiority of the Decoder architecture, the gradually increasing Key-Value (KV) cache during…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-07-16 Luohe Shi , Zuchao Li , Lefei Zhang , Guoming Liu , Baoyuan Qi , Hai Zhao

Long-context inference in decoder-only language models is costly because long prompts are processed during Prefill, cached at every layer, and repeatedly attended to during autoregressive Decode. We introduce \emph{Shallow Prefill, dEEp…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2026-05-08 Jungsuk Oh , Hyeseo Jeon , Hyunjune Ji , Kyongmin Kong , Jay-Yoon Lee

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in large-scale online services, enabling sophisticated applications. However, the computational overhead of generating key-value (KV) caches in the prefill stage presents a major…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-02-24 Shuowei Jin , Xueshen Liu , Qingzhao Zhang , Z. Morley Mao

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable reasoning abilities by producing long reasoning traces. However, as the sequence length grows, the key-value (KV) cache expands linearly, incurring significant memory and…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-02-04 Zican Dong , Peiyu Liu , Junyi Li , Zhipeng Chen , Han Peng , Shuo Wang , Wayne Xin Zhao

The key-value (KV) cache is a major bottleneck in long-context inference, where memory and computation grow with sequence length. Existing KV eviction methods reduce this cost but typically degrade performance relative to full-cache…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-05-12 Ngoc Bui , Hieu Trung Nguyen , Arman Cohan , Rex Ying

Autoregressive Transformers rely on Key-Value (KV) caching to accelerate inference. However, the linear growth of the KV cache with context length leads to excessive memory consumption and bandwidth constraints. This bottleneck is…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-06-10 Ravi Ghadia , Avinash Kumar , Gaurav Jain , Prashant Nair , Poulami Das

Large Language Models (LLMs) rely heavily on Key-Value (KV) caching to minimize inference latency. However, standard KV caches are context-dependent: reusing a cached document in a new context requires recomputing KV states to account for…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-04-20 Chuangtao Chen , Grace Li Zhang , Xunzhao Yin , Cheng Zhuo , Bing Li , Ulf Schlichtmann

Extracting sentence embeddings from large language models (LLMs) is a promising direction, as LLMs have demonstrated stronger semantic understanding capabilities. Previous studies typically focus on prompt engineering to elicit sentence…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-07-04 Yuchen Fu , Zifeng Cheng , Zhiwei Jiang , Zhonghui Wang , Yafeng Yin , Zhengliang Li , Qing Gu

With the widespread adoption of large language models (LLMs) in natural language processing, prompt engineering and retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) have become mainstream to enhance LLMs' performance on complex tasks. However, LLMs…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-03-20 Wei Chen , Guoyang Ju , Yuanyuan Qi

Autoregressive decoding in language models is inherently slow, generating only one token per forward pass. We propose Parallel Token Prediction (PTP), a general-purpose framework for predicting multiple tokens in a single model call. PTP…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-03-06 Felix Draxler , Justus Will , Farrin Marouf Sofian , Theofanis Karaletsos , Sameer Singh , Stephan Mandt

Key-Value (KV) Caching has become an essential technique for accelerating the inference speed and throughput of generative Large Language Models~(LLMs). However, the memory footprint of the KV cache poses a critical bottleneck in LLM…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-02-29 June Yong Yang , Byeongwook Kim , Jeongin Bae , Beomseok Kwon , Gunho Park , Eunho Yang , Se Jung Kwon , Dongsoo Lee

Causal decoder-only transformer models used for generative language modelling, such as Generative Pre-trained Transformers (GPT), are trained to predict the next token in a sequence based only on its previous tokens. Despite this simple…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-10-25 Nicholas Walker

While large language models (LLMs) excel at handling long-context sequences, they require substantial prefill computation and key-value (KV) cache, which can heavily burden computational efficiency and memory usage in both prefill and…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-04-21 Dongwon Jo , Jiwon Song , Yulhwa Kim , Jae-Joon Kim

Optimizing inference for long-context large language models (LLMs) is increasingly important due to the quadratic compute and linear memory cost of Transformers. Existing approximate inference methods, including key-value (KV) cache…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-02-03 Kevin Galim , Ethan Ewer , Wonjun Kang , Minjae Lee , Hyung Il Koo , Kangwook Lee

Key-value (KV) caching is critical for efficient inference in large language models (LLMs), yet its memory footprint scales linearly with context length, resulting in a severe scalability bottleneck. Existing approaches largely treat KV…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-04-23 Gradwell Dzikanyanga , Weihao Yang , Hao Huang , Donglei Wu , Shihao Wang , Wen Xia , Sanjeeb K C

Growing context lengths in transformer-based language models have made the key-value (KV) cache a critical inference bottleneck. While many KV cache pruning methods have been proposed, they have not yet been adopted in major inference…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-02-04 Simon Jegou , Maximilian Jeblick