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We review and evaluate a body of deep learning knowledge tracing (DLKT) models with openly available and widely-used data sets, and with a novel data set of students learning to program. The evaluated knowledge tracing models include…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2022-04-06 Sami Sarsa , Juho Leinonen , Arto Hellas

Pre-trained neural Language Models (PTLM), such as CodeBERT, are recently used in software engineering as models pre-trained on large source code corpora. Their knowledge is transferred to downstream tasks (e.g. code clone detection) via…

软件工程 · 计算机科学 2022-04-20 Divyam Goel , Ramansh Grover , Fatemeh H. Fard

Knowledge tracing (KT) models, e.g., the deep knowledge tracing (DKT) model, track an individual learner's acquisition of skills over time by examining the learner's performance on questions related to those skills. A practical limitation…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2020-05-27 Shashank Sonkar , Andrew E. Waters , Andrew S. Lan , Phillip J. Grimaldi , Richard G. Baraniuk

Knowledge Tracing (KT) models students' knowledge states based on learning interactions to predict performance. While deep learning-based KT models have boosted predictive accuracy, most models rely on deterministic vector embeddings and…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2026-05-12 Siyu Wu , Cong Xu , Wei Zhang

Language models (LMs) are pre-trained on raw text datasets to generate text sequences token-by-token. While this approach facilitates the learning of world knowledge and reasoning, it does not explicitly optimize for linguistic competence.…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-04-17 Atsuki Yamaguchi , Maggie Mi , Nikolaos Aletras

Language models (LMs) have been instrumental for the rapid advance of natural language processing. This paper studies continual pre-training of LMs, in particular, continual domain-adaptive pre-training (or continual DAP-training). Existing…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2023-04-13 Zixuan Ke , Yijia Shao , Haowei Lin , Tatsuya Konishi , Gyuhak Kim , Bing Liu

Recently, we have seen a rapid rise in usage of online educational platforms. The personalized education became crucially important in future learning environments. Knowledge tracing (KT) refers to the detection of students' knowledge…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2021-06-09 Sein Minn

This paper presents novel techniques for enhancing the performance of knowledge tracing (KT) models by focusing on the crucial factor of question and concept difficulty level. Despite the acknowledged significance of difficulty, previous KT…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2023-12-20 Unggi Lee , Sungjun Yoon , Joon Seo Yun , Kyoungsoo Park , YoungHoon Jung , Damji Stratton , Hyeoncheol Kim

Humans ability to transfer knowledge through teaching is one of the essential aspects for human intelligence. A human teacher can track the knowledge of students to customize the teaching on students needs. With the rise of online education…

计算机与社会 · 计算机科学 2022-01-19 Ghodai Abdelrahman , Qing Wang , Bernardo Pereira Nunes

Knowledge tracing (KT) plays a crucial role in computer-aided education and intelligent tutoring systems, aiming to assess students' knowledge proficiency by predicting their future performance on new questions based on their past response…

计算机与社会 · 计算机科学 2024-06-03 Jiajun Cui , Minghe Yu , Bo Jiang , Aimin Zhou , Jianyong Wang , Wei Zhang

Conventional continual pretraining (CPT) for large language model (LLM) domain adaptation often suffers from catastrophic forgetting and limited domain capacity. Existing strategies adopt layer expansion, introducing additional trainable…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-10-14 Jinyang Zhang , Yue Fang , Hongxin Ding , Weibin Liao , Muyang Ye , Xu Chu , Junfeng Zhao , Yasha Wang

Knowledge tracing (KT) refers to the problem of predicting future learner performance given their past performance in educational applications. Recent developments in KT using flexible deep neural network-based models excel at this task.…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2020-07-27 Aritra Ghosh , Neil Heffernan , Andrew S. Lan

Knowledge tracing (KT) supports personalized learning by modeling how students' knowledge states evolve over time. However, most KT models emphasize mastery of discrete knowledge components, limiting their ability to characterize broader…

计算机与社会 · 计算机科学 2025-10-28 Zhifeng Wang , Yaowei Dong , Chunyan Zeng

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a fundamental technology in intelligent tutoring systems used to simulate changes in students' knowledge state during learning, track personalized knowledge mastery, and predict performance. However, current KT…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2025-05-01 Jiahui Cen , Jianghao Lin , Weixuan Zhong , Dong Zhou , Jin Chen , Aimin Yang , Yongmei Zhou

As an important technique for modeling the knowledge states of learners, the traditional knowledge tracing (KT) models have been widely used to support intelligent tutoring systems and MOOC platforms. Driven by the fast advancements of deep…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2020-05-14 Yu Lu , Deliang Wang , Qinggang Meng , Penghe Chen

Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to predict students' future performances based on their former exercises and additional information in educational settings. KT has received significant attention since it facilitates personalized experiences in…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2025-02-18 Hao Zhou , Wenge Rong , Jianfei Zhang , Qing Sun , Yuanxin Ouyang , Zhang Xiong

Active learning (AL) is designed to construct a high-quality labeled dataset by iteratively selecting the most informative samples. Such sampling heavily relies on data representation, while recently pre-training is popular for robust…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-07-23 Beichen Zhang , Liang Li , Zheng-Jun Zha , Jiebo Luo , Qingming Huang

Programming Knowledge Tracing (PKT) has recently advanced through hybrid approaches that integrate attention-based feature modeling for code representation with RNN-based sequential prediction. While these models report strong empirical…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-05-07 Jaewook Kim , Hyeoncheol Kim

Modern online education has the capacity to provide intelligent educational services by automatically analyzing substantial amounts of student behavioral data. Knowledge Tracing (KT) is one of the fundamental tasks for student behavioral…

计算机与社会 · 计算机科学 2024-07-16 Shuanghong Shen , Qi Liu , Zhenya Huang , Yonghe Zheng , Minghao Yin , Minjuan Wang , Enhong Chen

Knowledge tracing (KT), a key component of an intelligent tutoring system, is a machine learning technique that estimates the mastery level of a student based on his/her past performance. The objective of KT is to predict a student's…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2019-09-19 Heonseok Ha , Uiwon Hwang , Yongjun Hong , Jahee Jang , Sungroh Yoon