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Large language models (LLMs) have shown strong performance across diverse tasks, but their inference with long input contexts is bottlenecked by memory size and bandwidth. The Key-Value (KV) cache size grows linearly with sequence length…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-05-12 Junkai Zhang , Hang Guo , Luca Benini , Yawei Li

Long-horizon LLM inference turns the key--value (KV) cache into the dominant GPU memory consumer and makes per-token attention increasingly expensive. Many common eviction policies use static recency windows or historical attention, leaving…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-05-26 Yubo Li , Yidi Miao

Advanced Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved impressive performance across a wide range of complex and long-context natural language tasks. However, performing long-context LLM inference locally on a commodity GPU (a PC) with privacy…

操作系统 · 计算机科学 2025-07-03 He Sun , Li Li , Mingjun Xiao , Chengzhong Xu

Large language models encounter critical GPU memory capacity constraints during long-context inference, where KV cache memory consumption severely limits decode batch sizes. While existing research has explored offloading KV cache to DRAM,…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-03-31 Qiuyang Zhang , Kai Zhou , Ding Tang , Kai Lu , Cheng Li , Zhenyu Yang , Peng Xu , Jiguang Wan

Long-context inference increasingly operates over CPU-resident KV caches, either because decoding-time KV states exceed GPU memory capacity or because disaggregated prefill-decode systems place KV data in host memory. Although block-sparse…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-05-11 Feiyu Yao , Zhixiong Niu , Xiaqing Li , Yongqiang Xiong , Juan Fang , Qian Wang

Huge memory consumption has been a major bottleneck for deploying high-throughput large language models in real-world applications. In addition to the large number of parameters, the key-value (KV) cache for the attention mechanism in the…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-06-05 Haoyi Wu , Kewei Tu

Time-to-Digital Converters (TDCs) are a crucial tool in a wide array of fields, in particular for quantum communication, where time taggers performance can severely affect the quality of the entire application. Nowadays, FPGA-based TDCs…

信号处理 · 电气工程与系统科学 2026-02-26 Matías Rubén Bolaños , Daniele Vogrig , Paolo Villoresi , Giuseppe Vallone , Andrea Stanco

Spatial convolution is fundamental in constructing deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for visual recognition. While dynamic convolution enhances model accuracy by adaptively combining static kernels, it incurs significant…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-03-25 Tianyu Zhang , Fan Wan , Haoran Duan , Kevin W. Tong , Jingjing Deng , Yang Long

Diffusion language models offer parallel token generation and inherent bidirectionality, promising more efficient and powerful sequence modeling compared to autoregressive approaches. However, state-of-the-art diffusion models (e.g., Dream…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-10-10 Zhanqiu Hu , Jian Meng , Yash Akhauri , Mohamed S. Abdelfattah , Jae-sun Seo , Zhiru Zhang , Udit Gupta

Large Language Models struggle with memory demands from the growing Key-Value (KV) cache as context lengths increase. Existing compression methods homogenize head dimensions or rely on attention-guided token pruning, often sacrificing…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-06-16 Xiaoran Liu , Siyang He , Qiqi Wang , Ruixiao Li , Yuerong Song , Zhigeng Liu , Linlin Li , Qun Liu , Zengfeng Huang , Qipeng Guo , Ziwei He , Xipeng Qiu

We demonstrate that unstructured sparsity significantly improves KV cache compression for LLMs, enabling sparsity levels up to 70% without compromising accuracy or requiring fine-tuning. We conduct a systematic exploration of pruning…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-11-07 Donghyeon Joo , Helya Hosseini , Ramyad Hadidi , Bahar Asgari

Optimizing inference for long-context large language models (LLMs) is increasingly important due to the quadratic compute and linear memory cost of Transformers. Existing approximate inference methods, including key-value (KV) cache…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-02-03 Kevin Galim , Ethan Ewer , Wonjun Kang , Minjae Lee , Hyung Il Koo , Kangwook Lee

Long-context LLM inference is bottlenecked by the quadratic attention complexity and linear KV cache growth. Prior approaches mitigate this via post-hoc selection or eviction but overlook the root inefficiency: indiscriminate writing to…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-01-29 Yen-Chieh Huang , Pi-Cheng Hsiu , Rui Fang , Ming-Syan Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been widely adopted to process long-context tasks. However, the large memory overhead of the key-value (KV) cache poses significant challenges in long-context scenarios. Existing training-free KV cache…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-10-22 Luning Wang , Shiyao Li , Xuefei Ning , Zhihang Yuan , Shengen Yan , Guohao Dai , Yu Wang

Key-value (KV) caching is widely used to accelerate transformer inference, but its memory cost grows linearly with input length, limiting long-context deployment. Existing token eviction methods reduce memory by discarding less important…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-03-24 Ruijie Miao , Zhiming Wang , Wang Li , Shiwei Wu , Shufan Liu , Yanbing Jiang , Tong Yang

The KV cache in self-attention has emerged as a major bottleneck in long-context and large-batch inference for LLMs. Existing approaches often treat sparsity prediction and compression as separate modules, relying on auxiliary index…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-03-17 Xu Yang , Jiapeng Zhang , Dongyang Zhao , Guo Chen , Zhuo Tang

Discrete cosine transform (DCT) and other Fourier-related transforms have broad applications in scientific computing. However, off-the-shelf high-performance multi-dimensional DCT (MD DCT) libraries are not readily available in parallel…

分布式、并行与集群计算 · 计算机科学 2021-10-05 Zixuan Jiang , Jiaqi Gu , David Z. Pan

By mimicking brain-like cognition and exploiting parallelism, hyperdimensional computing (HDC) classifiers have been emerging as a lightweight framework to achieve efficient on-device inference. Nonetheless, they have two fundamental…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2022-04-04 Shijin Duan , Xiaolin Xu , Shaolei Ren

The emergence of large language models (LLMs) like GPT-4 has revolutionized natural language processing (NLP), enabling diverse, complex tasks. However, extensive token counts lead to high computational and financial burdens. To address…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-03-12 Yun-Hao Cao , Yangsong Wang , Shuzheng Hao , Zhenxing Li , Chengjun Zhan , Sichao Liu , Yi-Qi Hu

Incorporating external knowledge in large language models (LLMs) enhances their utility across diverse applications, but existing methods have trade-offs. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) fetches evidence via similarity search, but key…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-03-10 Giulio Corallo , Orion Weller , Fabio Petroni , Paolo Papotti