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KV cache in autoregressive LLMs eliminates redundant recomputation but has emerged as the dominant memory and bandwidth bottleneck during inference, notably with long contexts and test-time scaling. KV quantization is a key lever for…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-02-03 Ji Zhang , Yiwei Li , Shaoxiong Feng , Peiwen Yuan , Xinglin Wang , Jiayi Shi , Yueqi Zhang , Chuyi Tan , Boyuan Pan , Yao Hu , Kan Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been emerging as prominent AI models for solving many natural language tasks due to their high performance (e.g., accuracy) and capabilities in generating high-quality responses to the given inputs.…

神经与进化计算 · 计算机科学 2026-04-22 Rachmad Vidya Wicaksana Putra , Pasindu Wickramasinghe , Muhammad Shafique

As large language models (LLMs) process increasing context windows, the memory usage of KV cache has become a critical bottleneck during inference. The mainstream KV compression methods, including KV pruning and KV quantization, primarily…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-02-21 Jiebin Zhang , Dawei Zhu , Yifan Song , Wenhao Wu , Chuqiao Kuang , Xiaoguang Li , Lifeng Shang , Qun Liu , Sujian Li

Post-Training Quantization (PTQ) is essential for deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) on memory-constrained devices, yet it renders models static and difficult to fine-tune. Standard fine-tuning paradigms, including Reinforcement…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-02-04 Yinggan Xu , Risto Miikkulainen , Xin Qiu

Large multimodal models (LMMs) have advanced significantly by integrating visual encoders with extensive language models, enabling robust reasoning capabilities. However, compressing LMMs for deployment on edge devices remains a critical…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2025-07-29 Te Zhang , Yuheng Li , Junxiang Wang , Lujun Li

Withtherapid advancement of large language models (LLMs), the context length for inference has been continuously increasing, leading to an exponential growth in the demand for Key-Value (KV) caching. This has resulted in a significant…

分布式、并行与集群计算 · 计算机科学 2025-08-11 Yanyu Liu , Jingying Fu , Sixiang Liu , Yitian Zou , You Fu , Jiehan Zhou , Shouhua Zhang

One approach to reducing the massive costs of large language models (LLMs) is the use of quantized or sparse representations for training or deployment. While post-training compression methods are very popular, the question of obtaining…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-06-12 Andrei Panferov , Jiale Chen , Soroush Tabesh , Roberto L. Castro , Mahdi Nikdan , Dan Alistarh

The rapid scaling of language models (LMs) has resulted in unprecedented computational, memory, and energy requirements, making their training and deployment increasingly unsustainable. Quantization has emerged as an essential compression…

Large Language Models (LLMs) suffer inference-time memory bottlenecks dominated by the attention Key-Value (KV) cache, which scales with model size and context length. While KV-cache quantization alleviates this cost, bit allocation between…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-05-12 Mohsen Hariri , Alan Luo , Weicong Chen , Shaochen Zhong , Tianyi Zhang , Qifan Wang , Xia Hu , Xiaotian Han , Vipin Chaudhary

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) is often constrained by the computational costs of processing massive datasets. We propose \textbf{QLESS} (Quantized Low-rank Gradient Similarity Search), which integrates gradient quantization with…

The advent of pre-trained large language models (LLMs) has revolutionized various natural language processing tasks. These models predominantly employ an auto-regressive decoding mechanism that utilizes Key-Value (KV) caches to eliminate…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-06-12 Hao Yu , Zelan Yang , Shen Li , Yong Li , Jianxin Wu

Key-Value (KV) Caching has become an essential technique for accelerating the inference speed and throughput of generative Large Language Models~(LLMs). However, the memory footprint of the KV cache poses a critical bottleneck in LLM…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-02-29 June Yong Yang , Byeongwook Kim , Jeongin Bae , Beomseok Kwon , Gunho Park , Eunho Yang , Se Jung Kwon , Dongsoo Lee

Today, large language models have demonstrated their strengths in various tasks ranging from reasoning, code generation, and complex problem solving. However, this advancement comes with a high computational cost and memory requirements,…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-03-26 Meriem Bouzouad , Yuan-Hao Chang , Jalil Boukhobza

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been extensively researched and used in both academia and industry since the rise in popularity of the Transformer model, which demonstrates excellent performance in AI. However, the computational demands…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-11-06 Jiedong Lang , Zhehao Guo , Shuyu Huang

The deployment of large language models (LLMs) is often constrained by memory bandwidth, where the primary bottleneck is the cost of transferring model parameters from the GPU's global memory to its registers. When coupled with custom…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-01-20 Han Guo , William Brandon , Radostin Cholakov , Jonathan Ragan-Kelley , Eric P. Xing , Yoon Kim

A growing trend has emerged in designing high-quality Small Language Models (SLMs) with a few million parameters. This trend is driven by the increasing concerns over cloud costs, privacy, and latency. Considering that full parameter…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-07-03 Xuan Shen , Peiyan Dong , Zhenglun Kong , Yifan Gong , Changdi Yang , Zhaoyang Han , Yanyue Xie , Lei Lu , Cheng Lyu , Chao Wu , Yanzhi Wang , Pu Zhao

We propose a simple approach for memory-efficient adaptation of pretrained language models. Our approach uses an iterative algorithm to decompose each pretrained matrix into a high-precision low-rank component and a memory-efficient…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-08-28 Han Guo , Philip Greengard , Eric P. Xing , Yoon Kim

The Key-Value (KV) cache is a crucial component in serving transformer-based autoregressive large language models (LLMs), enabling faster inference by storing previously computed KV vectors. However, its memory consumption scales linearly…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-10-07 Rongzhi Zhang , Kuang Wang , Liyuan Liu , Shuohang Wang , Hao Cheng , Chao Zhang , Yelong Shen

Multi-agent LLM systems on edge devices need to hand off latent context efficiently, but the practical choices today are expensive re-prefill or full-precision KV transfer. We study QKVShare, a framework for quantized KV-cache handoff…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2026-05-06 Pratik Honavar , Tejpratap GVSL

Matrices are exceptionally useful in various fields of study as they provide a convenient framework to organize and manipulate data in a structured manner. However, modern matrices can involve billions of elements, making their storage and…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2023-10-18 Rajarshi Saha , Varun Srivastava , Mert Pilanci