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In quantum information theory, the accurate estimation of observables is pivotal for quantum information processing, playing a crucial role in compute and communication protocols. This work introduces a novel technique for estimating such…

量子物理 · 物理学 2024-09-17 Andrea Caprotti , Joshua Morris , Borivoje Dakić

Accurate estimation of observables in quantum systems is a central challenge in quantum information science, yet practical implementations are fundamentally constrained by the limited number of measurement shots. In this work we explore a…

量子物理 · 物理学 2025-11-05 Keijo Korhonen , Stefano Mangini , Joonas Malmi , Hetta Vappula , Daniel Cavalcanti

The measurement precision of modern quantum simulators is intrinsically constrained by the limited set of measurements that can be efficiently implemented on hardware. This fundamental limitation is particularly severe for quantum…

量子物理 · 物理学 2020-07-01 Giacomo Torlai , Guglielmo Mazzola , Giuseppe Carleo , Antonio Mezzacapo

Extracting classical information from quantum systems is of fundamental importance, and classical shadows allow us to extract a large amount of information using relatively few measurements. Conventional shadow estimators are unbiased and…

量子物理 · 物理学 2025-04-03 Zhenyu Cai , Adrian Chapman , Hamza Jnane , Bálint Koczor

In recent years, informationally complete measurements have attracted considerable attention, especially in the context of classical shadows. In the particular case of informationally over-complete measurements, for which the number of…

量子物理 · 物理学 2024-08-13 Joonas Malmi , Keijo Korhonen , Daniel Cavalcanti , Guillermo García-Pérez

Measuring properties of quantum systems is a fundamental problem in quantum mechanics. We provide a simple method for estimating the expectation value of observables with an unknown quantum state. The idea is to use a data structure to…

量子物理 · 物理学 2024-03-25 Naixu Guo , Feng Pan , Patrick Rebentrost

A scalable Bayesian machine learning framework is introduced for estimating scalar properties of an unknown quantum state from measurement data, which bypasses full density matrix reconstruction. This work is the first to integrate the…

量子物理 · 物理学 2025-12-08 Hyunho Cha , Wonjung Kim , Jungwoo Lee

Obtaining precise estimates of quantum observables is a crucial step of variational quantum algorithms. We consider the problem of estimating expectation values of molecular Hamiltonians, obtained on states prepared on a quantum computer.…

量子物理 · 物理学 2020-06-30 Charles Hadfield , Sergey Bravyi , Rudy Raymond , Antonio Mezzacapo

Predicting properties of complex, large-scale quantum systems is essential for developing quantum technologies. We present an efficient method for constructing an approximate classical description of a quantum state using very few…

量子物理 · 物理学 2021-04-20 Hsin-Yuan Huang , Richard Kueng , John Preskill

We develop an efficient algorithm for determining optimal adaptive quantum estimation protocols with arbitrary quantum control operations between subsequent uses of a probed channel. We introduce a tensor network representation of an…

Unitary errors, such as those arising from fault-tolerant compilation of quantum algorithms, systematically bias observable estimates. Correcting this bias typically requires additional resources, such as an increased number of non-Clifford…

量子物理 · 物理学 2026-01-13 Dmitrii Khitrin , Kenneth R. Brown , Abhinav Anand

Modern day quantum simulators can prepare a wide variety of quantum states but the accurate estimation of observables from tomographic measurement data often poses a challenge. We tackle this problem by developing a quantum state tomography…

量子物理 · 物理学 2022-09-27 Tobias Schmale , Moritz Reh , Martin Gärttner

Predicting features of complex, large-scale quantum systems is essential to the characterization and engineering of quantum architectures. We present an efficient approach for constructing an approximate classical description, called the…

量子物理 · 物理学 2019-11-26 Hsin-Yuan Huang , Richard Kueng

Estimation of expectation values of incompatible observables is an essential practical task in quantum computing, especially for approximating energies of chemical and other many-body quantum systems. In this work we introduce a method for…

量子物理 · 物理学 2023-03-14 Daniel McNulty , Filip B. Maciejewski , Michał Oszmaniec

Simulating large quantum systems is the ultimate goal of quantum computing. Variational quantum simulation (VQS) gives us a tool to achieve the goal in near-term devices by distributing the computation load to both classical and quantum…

量子物理 · 物理学 2023-05-10 Kouhei Nakaji , Suguru Endo , Yuichiro Matsuzaki , Hideaki Hakoshima

The constantly increasing dimensionality of artificial quantum systems demands for highly efficient methods for their characterization and benchmarking. Conventional quantum tomography fails for larger systems due to the exponential growth…

Quantum shadow tomography based on the classical shadow representation provides an efficient way to estimate properties of an unknown quantum state without performing a full quantum state tomography. In scenarios where estimating the…

量子物理 · 物理学 2026-03-13 Aniket Sengupta , Arijit Chatterjee , G. J. Sreejith , T. S. Mahesh

Efficiently estimating properties of large and strongly coupled quantum systems is a central focus in many-body physics and quantum information theory. While quantum computers promise speedups for many such tasks, near-term devices are…

量子物理 · 物理学 2021-09-28 Senrui Chen , Wenjun Yu , Pei Zeng , Steven T. Flammia

Classical shadow tomography is a powerful randomized measurement protocol for predicting many properties of a quantum state with few measurements. Two classical shadow protocols have been extensively studied in the literature: the…

量子物理 · 物理学 2023-06-07 Ahmed A. Akhtar , Hong-Ye Hu , Yi-Zhuang You

Accurately estimating expectation values of quantum observables with as few measurements as possible is crucial to many quantum computing applications. We introduce a framework that covers many of existing measurement strategies and…

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