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The impressive performance of large language models (LLMs) arises from their massive scale and heterogeneous module composition. However, this structural heterogeneity introduces additional optimization challenges. While adaptive optimizers…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-05-08 Ziqing Wen , Zhouyang Liu , Jiahuan Wang , Ping Luo , Li Shen , Dongsheng Li , Tao Sun

The Adam optimizer remains one of the most widely used optimizers in deep learning, and effectively tuning its hyperparameters is key to optimizing performance. However, tuning can be tedious and costly. Freeze-thaw Bayesian Optimization…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-08-29 Theodoros Athanasiadis , Steven Adriaensen , Samuel Müller , Frank Hutter

This paper deals with nonconvex stochastic optimization problems in deep learning and provides appropriate learning rates with which adaptive learning rate optimization algorithms, such as Adam and AMSGrad, can approximate a stationary…

最优化与控制 · 数学 2020-11-24 Hideaki Iiduka

Existing learning rate schedules that do not require specification of the optimization stopping step T are greatly out-performed by learning rate schedules that depend on T. We propose an approach that avoids the need for this stopping time…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-10-31 Aaron Defazio , Xingyu Alice Yang , Harsh Mehta , Konstantin Mishchenko , Ahmed Khaled , Ashok Cutkosky

Adaptive gradient-based optimizers, notably Adam, have left their mark in training large-scale deep learning models, offering fast convergence and robustness to hyperparameter settings. However, they often struggle with generalization,…

We introduce Adam, an algorithm for first-order gradient-based optimization of stochastic objective functions, based on adaptive estimates of lower-order moments. The method is straightforward to implement, is computationally efficient, has…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2017-01-31 Diederik P. Kingma , Jimmy Ba

Training large language models (LLMs) typically relies on adaptive optimizers like Adam (Kingma & Ba, 2015) which store additional state information to accelerate convergence but incur significant memory overhead. Recent efforts, such as…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-02-11 Meyer Scetbon , Chao Ma , Wenbo Gong , Edward Meeds

As foundation models continue to scale, pretraining increasingly relies on data-parallel distributed optimization, making bandwidth-limited gradient synchronization a key bottleneck. Orthogonally, projection-based low-rank optimizers were…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-02-10 Sizhe Dang , Jiaqi Shao , Xiaodong Zheng , Guang Dai , Yan Song , Haishan Ye

The Adam optimizer is a popular choice in contemporary deep learning, due to its strong empirical performance. However we observe that in privacy sensitive scenarios, the traditional use of Differential Privacy (DP) with the Adam optimizer…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2023-12-25 Qiaoyue Tang , Frederick Shpilevskiy , Mathias Lécuyer

AdamW has long been the dominant optimizer in language model pretraining, despite numerous claims that alternative optimizers offer 1.4 to 2x speedup. We posit that two methodological shortcomings have obscured fair comparisons and hindered…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-09-08 Kaiyue Wen , David Hall , Tengyu Ma , Percy Liang

Adaptive gradient methods, such as Adam and LAMB, have demonstrated excellent performance in the training of large language models. Nevertheless, the need for adaptivity requires maintaining second-moment estimates of the per-parameter…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2023-08-08 Yang Luo , Xiaozhe Ren , Zangwei Zheng , Zhuo Jiang , Xin Jiang , Yang You

Adaptive optimizers such as Adam (Kingma & Ba, 2015) have been central to the success of large language models. However, they often require to maintain optimizer states throughout training, which can result in memory requirements several…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-02-24 Chao Ma , Wenbo Gong , Meyer Scetbon , Edward Meeds

Optimal selection of optimization algorithms is crucial for training deep learning models. The Adam optimizer has gained significant attention due to its efficiency and wide applicability. However, to enhance the adaptability of optimizers…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-09-09 Chengxi Pan , Junshang Chen , Jingrui Ye

Full fine-tuning of Large Language Models (LLMs) is notoriously memory-intensive, primarily because conventional optimizers such as SGD or Adam assume access to exact gradients derived from cached activations. Existing solutions either…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-10-28 Jing Yang , Kaitong Cai , Yijia Fan , Yufeng Yang , Keze Wang

Machine learning algorithms aim to find patterns from observations, which may include some noise, especially in robotics domain. To perform well even with such noise, we expect them to be able to detect outliers and discard them when…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2020-03-04 Wendyam Eric Lionel Ilboudo , Taisuke Kobayashi , Kenji Sugimoto

Modern deep learning heavily depends on adaptive optimizers such as Adam and its variants, which are renowned for their capacity to handle model scaling and streamline hyperparameter tuning. However, these algorithms typically experience…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-10-18 Son Nguyen , Lizhang Chen , Bo Liu , Qiang Liu

Adaptive gradient methods, e.g. \textsc{Adam}, have achieved tremendous success in machine learning. Scaling the learning rate element-wisely by a certain form of second moment estimate of gradients, such methods are able to attain rapid…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2022-02-10 Yizhou Wang , Yue Kang , Can Qin , Huan Wang , Yi Xu , Yulun Zhang , Yun Fu

Adaptive optimizers with decoupled weight decay, such as AdamW, are the de facto standard for pre-training large transformer-based generative models. Yet the quadratic nature of the $\ell_2$ penalty embedded in weight decay drives all…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-11-19 Fu-Ming Guo , Yingfang Fan

Many popular first-order optimization methods (e.g., Momentum, AdaGrad, Adam) accelerate the convergence rate of deep learning models. However, these algorithms require auxiliary parameters, which cost additional memory proportional to the…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2019-02-27 Ryan Spring , Anastasios Kyrillidis , Vijai Mohan , Anshumali Shrivastava

The Adam optimizer is a cornerstone of modern deep learning, yet the empirical necessity of each of its individual components is often taken for granted. This paper presents a focused investigation into the role of bias-correction, a…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-11-27 Sam Laing , Antonio Orvieto