相关论文: Available energy of plasmas with small fluctuation…
Rearranging the six-dimensional phase space of particles in plasma can release energy. The rearrangement may happen through the application of electric and magnetic fields, subject to various constraints. The maximum energy that can be…
The concept of available energy of a collisionless plasma is discussed in the context of magnetic confinement. The available energy quantifies how much of the plasma energy can be converted into fluctuations (including nonlinear ones) and…
The maximum particle kinetic energy that can be extracted from an initial six-dimensional phase space distribution motivates the concept of free or available energy. The free energy depends on the allowed operations that can be performed. A…
When \lambda_{T} << d_{T}, where \lambda_{T} is the de Broglie wavelength and d_{T}, the distance of closest approach of thermal electrons, a classical analysis of the energy of a plasma can be made. In all the classical analysis made until…
The energy budget of a collisionless plasma subject to electrostatic fluctuations is considered, and the excess of thermal energy over the minimum accessible to it under various constraints that limit the possible forms of plasma motion is…
Waves propagating through a bounded plasma can rearrange the densities of states in the six-dimensional velocity-configuration phase space. Depending on the rearrangement, the wave energy can either increase or decrease, with the difference…
A collisionless plasma possesses a certain amount of "available energy", which is that part of the thermal energy that can be converted into field energy. Here, a calculation is presented of the available energy carried by trapped electrons…
We calculate the energy of a homogeneous one component plasma and find that the energy is lower for correlated motions of the particles as compared to uncorrelated motion. Our starting point is the conserved approximately relativistic…
Broad classes of plasma phenomena can be understood in terms of phase-space rearrangements. For example, the net effect of a wave-particle interaction may consist of moving populations of particles from one region of phase space to another.…
The concept of plasma relaxation as a constrained energy minimization is reviewed. Recent work by the authors on generalizing this approach to partially relaxed three-dimensional plasma systems in a way consistent with chaos theory is…
The available enthalpy is an early form of the modern thermodynamic concept of exergy, which is the generic name for the amount of work obtainable when some matter is brought to a state of equilibrium with its surroundings by means of…
An expression is derived for the free energy of nonideal atomic plasma, which corresponds to exact asymptotic expansions. The analytical dependence of correction for the interaction of free charges on the partition function of atom is…
Here we consider system of infinite number of particles where any particle cannot escape to infinity. We define what means escape of energy to infinity and apply this notion to the case when constant force provides energy to one of the…
Examination of equilibrium radiation in plasma media shows that the spectral energy distribution of such radiation is different from the Planck equilibrium radiation. Using the approach of quantum electrodynamics the general relation for…
We calculate the entropy and the temperature dependent part of the free energy for a free standing plane plasma sheet and for the a free standing plane slab of finite thickness with dispersion described by the plasma model. In case the…
The effects of the highly damped modes in the energy and reaction rates in a plasma are discussed. These modes, with wavenumbers $k \gg k_{D}$, even being only weakly excited, with less than $k_{B}T$ per mode, make a significant…
A proposal to store unsteady energy in potential energy via lifting masses with a rough quantitative overview. Some applications and methods to harvest the potential energy are also given. A focus is put on photovoltaically generated…
Diffusive operations, which mix the populations of different elements of phase space, can irreversibly transform a given initial state into any of a spectrum of different states from which no further energy can be extracted through…
In classical thermodynamics the entropy is an extensive quantity, i.e.\ the sum of the entropies of two subsystems in equilibrium with each other is equal to the entropy of the full system consisting of the two subsystems. The extensitivity…
We derive the exact expression for the resonant frequency of the time-averaged steady-state energy and show that this frequency is excellently approximated by the arithmetic mean of the amplitude and velocity resonant frequencies. In…