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The assessment of argument quality depends on well-established logical, rhetorical, and dialectical properties that are unavoidably subjective: multiple valid assessments may exist, there is no unequivocal ground truth. This aligns with…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-02-21 Julia Romberg , Maximilian Maurer , Henning Wachsmuth , Gabriella Lapesa

We introduce Uncertain Natural Language Inference (UNLI), a refinement of Natural Language Inference (NLI) that shifts away from categorical labels, targeting instead the direct prediction of subjective probability assessments. We…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2020-05-06 Tongfei Chen , Zhengping Jiang , Adam Poliak , Keisuke Sakaguchi , Benjamin Van Durme

Large crowdsourced datasets are widely used for training and evaluating neural models on natural language inference (NLI). Despite these efforts, neural models have a hard time capturing logical inferences, including those licensed by…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2019-04-30 Hitomi Yanaka , Koji Mineshima , Daisuke Bekki , Kentaro Inui , Satoshi Sekine , Lasha Abzianidze , Johan Bos

Natural Language Inference (NLI) datasets often exhibit human label variation. To better understand these variations, explanation-based approaches analyze the underlying reasoning behind annotators' decisions. One such approach is the LiTEx…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-04-21 Pingjun Hong , Beiduo Chen , Siyao Peng , Marie-Catherine de Marneffe , Benjamin Roth , Barbara Plank

Natural language inference (NLI) is a fundamental NLP task, investigating the entailment relationship between two texts. Popular NLI datasets present the task at sentence-level. While adequate for testing semantic representations, they fall…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2020-11-11 Hanmeng Liu , Leyang Cui , Jian Liu , Yue Zhang

The release of large natural language inference (NLI) datasets like SNLI and MNLI have led to rapid development and improvement of completely neural systems for the task. Most recently, heavily pre-trained, Transformer-based models like…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2019-12-10 Tiffany Chien , Jugal Kalita

Labelled data is the foundation of most natural language processing tasks. However, labelling data is difficult and there often are diverse valid beliefs about what the correct data labels should be. So far, dataset creators have…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2022-05-02 Paul Röttger , Bertie Vidgen , Dirk Hovy , Janet B. Pierrehumbert

Longstanding data labeling practices in machine learning involve collecting and aggregating labels from multiple annotators. But what should we do when annotators disagree? Though annotator disagreement has long been seen as a problem to…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-05-10 Eve Fleisig , Su Lin Blodgett , Dan Klein , Zeerak Talat

Natural Language Inference (NLI) has been an important task for evaluating language models for Natural Language Understanding, but the logical properties of the task are poorly understood and often mischaracterized. Understanding the notion…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-01-12 Rasmus Blanck , Bill Noble , Stergios Chatzikyriakidis

Recent investigations into the inner-workings of state-of-the-art large-scale pre-trained Transformer-based Natural Language Understanding (NLU) models indicate that they appear to know humanlike syntax, at least to some extent. We provide…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2021-06-14 Koustuv Sinha , Prasanna Parthasarathi , Joelle Pineau , Adina Williams

We test whether NLP datasets created with Large Language Models (LLMs) contain annotation artifacts and social biases like NLP datasets elicited from crowd-source workers. We recreate a portion of the Stanford Natural Language Inference…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-03-10 Grace Proebsting , Adam Poliak

Natural language inference (NLI) is formulated as a unified framework for solving various NLP problems such as relation extraction, question answering, summarization, etc. It has been studied intensively in the past few years thanks to the…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2021-06-18 Wenpeng Yin , Dragomir Radev , Caiming Xiong

Design biases in NLP systems, such as performance differences for different populations, often stem from their creator's positionality, i.e., views and lived experiences shaped by identity and background. Despite the prevalence and risks of…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2023-06-06 Sebastin Santy , Jenny T. Liang , Ronan Le Bras , Katharina Reinecke , Maarten Sap

Despite the subjective nature of many NLP tasks, most NLU evaluations have focused on using the majority label with presumably high agreement as the ground truth. Less attention has been paid to the distribution of human opinions. We…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2020-10-12 Yixin Nie , Xiang Zhou , Mohit Bansal

Supervised machine learning assumes that labeled data provide accurate measurements of the concepts models are meant to learn. Yet in practice, human labeling introduces systematic variation arising from ambiguous items, divergent…

统计方法学 · 统计学 2026-04-10 Robert Chew , Stephanie Eckman , Christoph Kern , Frauke Kreuter

Large-scale datasets for natural language inference are created by presenting crowd workers with a sentence (premise), and asking them to generate three new sentences (hypotheses) that it entails, contradicts, or is logically neutral with…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2018-04-18 Suchin Gururangan , Swabha Swayamdipta , Omer Levy , Roy Schwartz , Samuel R. Bowman , Noah A. Smith

Natural Language Inference (NLI) datasets contain examples with highly ambiguous labels. While many research works do not pay much attention to this fact, several recent efforts have been made to acknowledge and embrace the existence of…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2021-06-08 Johannes Mario Meissner , Napat Thumwanit , Saku Sugawara , Akiko Aizawa

In order for machine learning to garner widespread public adoption, models must be able to provide interpretable and robust explanations for their decisions, as well as learn from human-provided explanations at train time. In this work, we…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2018-12-07 Oana-Maria Camburu , Tim Rocktäschel , Thomas Lukasiewicz , Phil Blunsom

Incorporating every annotator's perspective is crucial for unbiased data modeling. Annotator fatigue and changing opinions over time can distort dataset annotations. To combat this, we propose to learn a more accurate representation of…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-06-05 Uthman Jinadu , Yi Ding

Human label variation has been established as a central phenomenon in NLP: the perspectives different annotators have on the same item need to be embraced. Data collection practices thus shifted towards increasing the annotator numbers and…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-05-08 Maximilian Maurer , Maximilian Linde , Gabriella Lapesa