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We report on the observation of the ratchet effect -- generation of direct electric current in response to external terahertz (THz) radiation -- in bilayer graphene, where inversion symmetry is broken by an asymmetric dual-grating gate…

Ratchet effect -- a {\it dc} current induced by the electromagnetic wave impinging on the spatially modulated two-dimensional (2D) electron liquid -- occurs when the wave amplitude is spatially modulated with the same wave vector as the 2D…

We report on experimental evidence of directed electron transport, induced by external linear-polarized microwave irradiation, in a two-dimensional spatially-periodic asymmetrical system called ratchet. The broken spatial symmetry was…

We study theoretically the spatial distribution of the polarizations in the array of resonant electromagnetic dipole emitters coupled to a one-dimensional waveguide. The ratchet effect manifests itself in the spatial asymmetry of the…

We report the observation of the terahertz-induced ratchet effect in graphene-based two-dimensional (2D) metamaterials. The metamaterial consists of a graphite gate patterned with an array of triangular antidots placed under a graphene…

A thermoelectric effect of the noncentrosymmetric electron-phonon coupled system is proposed, in which a temperature difference between electrons and phonons, instead of a spatial temperature gradient, induces an electric current. This is a…

We show that the huge Seebeck coefficients observed recently for ionic conductors, arise from a ratchet effect where activated jumps between neighbor sites are rectified by a temperature gradient, thus driving mobile ions towards the cold.…

We explore heat transfer in molecular junctions between two leads in the absence of a finite net thermal bias. The application of an unbiased, time-periodic temperature modulation of the leads entails a dynamical breaking of reflection…

The emergence of the terahertz (THz) ratchet effect is a rapidly expanding field of research that utilizes broken spatial symmetry in low-dimensional materials to rectify alternating current (AC) induced by THz fields into direct current…

We study the ratchet effect of a damped relativistic particle driven by both asymmetric temporal bi-harmonic and time-periodic piecewise constant forces. This system can be formally solved for any external force, providing the ratchet…

Thermal ratchets can extract useful work from random fluctuations. This is common in the molecular scale, such as motor proteins, and has also been used to achieve directional transport in microfluidic devices. In this work, we use the…

The emergence of ratchet effects in two-dimensional materials is strongly correlated with the introduction of asymmetry into the system. In general, dual-grating-gate structures forming lateral asymmetric superlattices provide a suitable…

We develop a theory of the ratchet effect in a lateral plasmonic crystal (LPC) formed by a two dimensional electron gas under a periodic dual-grating gate. The system is driven by terahertz radiation, and the spatial asymmetry required for…

Radiation-induced ratchet electric currents have been studied theoretically in graphene with a periodic noncentrosymmetric lateral potential. The ratchet current generated under normal incidence is shown to consist of two contributions, one…

We report on the observation of a nonlinear intensity dependence of the terahertz radiation induced ratchet effects in bilayer graphene with asymmetric dual grating gate lateral lattices. These nonlinear ratchet currents are studied in…

We report on a tunable - by magnetic field and gate voltage - conversion of terahertz radiation into a dc current in spatially modulated bilayer graphene. We experimentally demonstrate that the underlying physics is related to the so-called…

We investigate a one-dimensional electron liquid with two point scatterers of different strength. In the presence of electron interactions, the nonlinear conductance is shown to depend on the current direction. The resulting asymmetry of…

We study electrical excitation of nonlinear plasma waves in heterostructures with two-dimensional electron channels and with split gates, and the propagation of these waves using hydrodynamic equations for electron transport coupled with…

The pursuit for clearly identifiable signatures of viscous electron flow in the solid state systems has been a paramount task in the search of the hydrodynamic electron transport behavior. In this work, we investigate theoretically the…

We report on the observation and systematic study of polarization sensitive magnetic quantum ratchet effects induced by alternating electric fields in the terahertz frequency range. The effects are detected in (Cd,Mn)Te-based quantum well…