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Whole slide image (WSI) classification is a fundamental task for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases; but, curation of accurate labels is time-consuming and limits the application of fully-supervised methods. To address this, multiple…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2022-07-25 Philip Chikontwe , Soo Jeong Nam , Heounjeong Go , Meejeong Kim , Hyun Jung Sung , Sang Hyun Park

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has emerged as the best solution for Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification. It consists of dividing each slide into patches, which are treated as a bag of instances labeled with a global label. MIL includes…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-05-05 Ali Mammadov , Loic Le Folgoc , Julien Adam , Anne Buronfosse , Gilles Hayem , Guillaume Hocquet , Pietro Gori

Multi-Instance Learning (MIL) has shown impressive performance for histopathology whole slide image (WSI) analysis using bags or pseudo-bags. It involves instance sampling, feature representation, and decision-making. However, existing…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2024-03-14 Tingting Zheng , Kui Jiang , Hongxun Yao

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is a variation of supervised learning where a single class label is assigned to a bag of instances. In this paper, we state the MIL problem as learning the Bernoulli distribution of the bag label where the…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2018-06-29 Maximilian Ilse , Jakub M. Tomczak , Max Welling

Multiple instance learning (MIL) has become the leading approach for extracting discriminative features from whole slide images (WSIs) in computational pathology. Attention-based MIL methods can identify key patches but tend to overlook…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-09-30 Lubin Gan , Xiaoman Wu , Jing Zhang , Zhifeng Wang , Linhao Qu , Siying Wu , Xiaoyan Sun

Whole Slide Images (WSIs) are high-resolution digital scans widely used in medical diagnostics. WSI classification is typically approached using Multiple Instance Learning (MIL), where the slide is partitioned into tiles treated as…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-11-25 Sharon Peled , Yosef E. Maruvka , Moti Freiman

The whole slide image (WSI) classification is often formulated as a multiple instance learning (MIL) problem. Since the positive tissue is only a small fraction of the gigapixel WSI, existing MIL methods intuitively focus on identifying…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2023-12-22 Wenhao Tang , Sheng Huang , Xiaoxian Zhang , Fengtao Zhou , Yi Zhang , Bo Liu

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) is a weakly-supervised problem in which one label is assigned to the whole bag of instances. An important class of MIL models is instance-based, where we first classify instances and then aggregate those…

图像与视频处理 · 电气工程与系统科学 2024-03-13 Łukasz Struski , Dawid Rymarczyk , Arkadiusz Lewicki , Robert Sabiniewicz , Jacek Tabor , Bartosz Zieliński

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is the standard approach for whole-slide image (WSI) classification and survival prediction, where attention-based models ag gregate patch features into slide-level predictions. These models treat attention…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2026-05-19 Xiangyu Li , Ran Su

This paper introduces MAD-MIL, a Multi-head Attention-based Deep Multiple Instance Learning model, designed for weakly supervised Whole Slide Images (WSIs) classification in digital pathology. Inspired by the multi-head attention mechanism…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2024-04-09 Hassan Keshvarikhojasteh , Josien Pluim , Mitko Veta

Bag-based Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) approaches have emerged as the mainstream methodology for Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification. However, most existing methods adopt a segmented training strategy, which first extracts features…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-03-13 Jiangping Wen , Jinyu Wen , Meie Fang

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) offers a natural solution for settings where only coarse, bag-level labels are available, without having access to instance-level annotations. This is usually the case in digital pathology, which consists of…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2026-01-21 Andreas Lolos , Stergios Christodoulidis , Aris L. Moustakas , Jose Dolz , Maria Vakalopoulou

Multi-instance learning (MIL) is a form of weakly supervised learning where a single class label is assigned to a bag of instances while the instance-level labels are not available. Training classifiers to accurately determine the bag label…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2020-06-11 Bin Li , Kevin W. Eliceiri

Digital pathology based on whole slide images (WSIs) plays a key role in cancer diagnosis and clinical practice. Due to the high resolution of the WSI and the unavailability of patch-level annotations, WSI classification is usually…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2023-05-02 Litao Yang , Deval Mehta , Sidong Liu , Dwarikanath Mahapatra , Antonio Di Ieva , Zongyuan Ge

Fine-grained classification of whole slide images (WSIs) is essential in precision oncology, enabling precise cancer diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies. The core of this task involves distinguishing subtle morphological…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-04-07 Cheng Jin , Luyang Luo , Huangjing Lin , Jun Hou , Hao Chen

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has been widely applied in pathology towards solving critical problems such as automating cancer diagnosis and grading, predicting patient prognosis, and therapy response. Deploying these models in a…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2022-10-18 Syed Ashar Javed , Dinkar Juyal , Harshith Padigela , Amaro Taylor-Weiner , Limin Yu , Aaditya Prakash

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) is widely used in analyzing histopathological Whole Slide Images (WSIs). However, existing MIL methods do not explicitly model the data distribution, and instead they only learn a bag-level or instance-level…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2022-06-20 Linhao Qu , Xiaoyuan Luo , Shaolei Liu , Manning Wang , Zhijian Song

Multiple instance learning (MIL) has emerged as the dominant paradigm for whole slide image (WSI) analysis in computational pathology, achieving strong diagnostic performance through patch-level feature aggregation. However, existing MIL…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-11-17 Yiran Song , Yikai Zhang , Shuang Zhou , Guojun Xiong , Xiaofeng Yang , Nian Wang , Fenglong Ma , Rui Zhang , Mingquan Lin

Weakly supervised whole slide image classification is usually formulated as a multiple instance learning (MIL) problem, where each slide is treated as a bag, and the patches cut out of it are treated as instances. Existing methods either…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2024-05-14 Linhao Qu , Yingfan Ma , Xiaoyuan Luo , Manning Wang , Zhijian Song

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) grading depends on accurately identifying growth patterns, which are indicators of prognosis and can influence treatment decisions. Common deep learning approaches to determine the predominant pattern rely on…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2026-04-24 Laura Valeria Perez-Herrera , M. J. Garcia-Gonzalez , Karen Lopez-Linares