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Deep learning has transformed AI applications but faces critical security challenges, including adversarial attacks, data poisoning, model theft, and privacy leakage. This survey examines these vulnerabilities, detailing their mechanisms…

Machine learning models deployed as a service (MLaaS) are susceptible to model stealing attacks, where an adversary attempts to steal the model within a restricted access framework. While existing attacks demonstrate near-perfect…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2022-04-26 Sunandini Sanyal , Sravanti Addepalli , R. Venkatesh Babu

A significant number of machine learning models are vulnerable to model extraction attacks, which focus on stealing the models by using specially curated queries against the target model. This task is well accomplished by using part of the…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2023-08-11 Harshit Shah , Aravindhan G , Pavan Kulkarni , Yuvaraj Govidarajulu , Manojkumar Parmar

Cloud vendors are increasingly offering machine learning services as part of their platform and services portfolios. These services enable the deployment of machine learning models on the cloud that are offered on a pay-per-query basis to…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2017-11-21 Manish Kesarwani , Bhaskar Mukhoty , Vijay Arya , Sameep Mehta

Machine learning (ML) applications are increasingly prevalent. Protecting the confidentiality of ML models becomes paramount for two reasons: (a) a model can be a business advantage to its owner, and (b) an adversary may use a stolen model…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2019-04-02 Mika Juuti , Sebastian Szyller , Samuel Marchal , N. Asokan

Recent attacks on Machine Learning (ML) models such as evasion attacks with adversarial examples and models stealing through extraction attacks pose several security and privacy threats. Prior work proposes to use adversarial training to…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2022-08-23 Kacem Khaled , Gabriela Nicolescu , Felipe Gohring de Magalhães

These days, deep learning models have achieved great success in multiple fields, from autonomous driving to medical diagnosis. These models have expanded the abilities of artificial intelligence by offering great solutions to complex…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2023-11-27 Gopichandh Golla

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have become the essential components for various commercialized machine learning services, such as Machine Learning as a Service (MLaaS). Recent studies show that machine learning services face severe privacy…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2022-01-27 Xiaoyong Yuan , Leah Ding , Lan Zhang , Xiaolin Li , Dapeng Wu

Deep neural networks (DNNs) deployed in a cloud often allow users to query models via the APIs. However, these APIs expose the models to model extraction attacks (MEAs). In this attack, the attacker attempts to duplicate the target model by…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-06-26 Satoru Koda , Ikuya Morikawa

The use of machine learning (ML) has become increasingly prevalent in various domains, highlighting the importance of understanding and ensuring its safety. One pressing concern is the vulnerability of ML applications to model stealing…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-04-07 Ganghua Wang , Yuhong Yang , Jie Ding

High-performance Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are increasingly deployed in many real-world applications e.g., cloud prediction APIs. Recent advances in model functionality stealing attacks via black-box access (i.e., inputs in, predictions…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2020-03-04 Tribhuvanesh Orekondy , Bernt Schiele , Mario Fritz

Score-based query attacks pose a serious threat to deep learning models by crafting adversarial examples (AEs) using only black-box access to model output scores, iteratively optimizing inputs based on observed loss values. While recent…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-02-10 Yanzhang Fu , Zizheng Guo , Jizhou Luo

The success of deep learning in medical imaging applications has led several companies to deploy proprietary models in diagnostic workflows, offering monetized services. Even though model weights are hidden to protect the intellectual…

图像与视频处理 · 电气工程与系统科学 2025-06-25 Ankita Raj , Harsh Swaika , Deepankar Varma , Chetan Arora

With the rise of Machine Learning as a Service (MLaaS) platforms,safeguarding the intellectual property of deep learning models is becoming paramount. Among various protective measures, trigger set watermarking has emerged as a flexible and…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-04-23 Hongyu Zhu , Sichu Liang , Wentao Hu , Fangqi Li , Ju Jia , Shilin Wang

Model Extraction Attacks (MEAs) threaten modern machine learning systems by enabling adversaries to steal models, exposing intellectual property and training data. With the increasing deployment of machine learning models in distributed…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-02-25 Kaixiang Zhao , Lincan Li , Kaize Ding , Neil Zhenqiang Gong , Yue Zhao , Yushun Dong

Metaverse is trending to create a digital circumstance that can transfer the real world to an online platform supported by large quantities of real-time interactions. Pre-trained Artificial Intelligence (AI) models are demonstrating their…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-01-05 Pengfei Li , Zhibo Zhang , Ameena S. Al-Sumaiti , Naoufel Werghi , Chan Yeob Yeun

Machine Unlearning (MU) has recently gained considerable attention due to its potential to achieve Safe AI by removing the influence of specific data from trained Machine Learning (ML) models. This process, known as knowledge removal,…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-02-18 Ziyao Liu , Huanyi Ye , Chen Chen , Yongsen Zheng , Kwok-Yan Lam

Despite the broad application of Machine Learning models as a Service (MLaaS), they are vulnerable to model stealing attacks. These attacks can replicate the model functionality by using the black-box query process without any prior…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2023-08-04 Jun Guo , Aishan Liu , Xingyu Zheng , Siyuan Liang , Yisong Xiao , Yichao Wu , Xianglong Liu

Machine Learning (ML) models become vulnerable to Model Stealing Attacks (MSA) when they are deployed as a service. In such attacks, the deployed model is queried repeatedly to build a labelled dataset. This dataset allows the attacker to…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2023-11-09 Akshit Jindal , Vikram Goyal , Saket Anand , Chetan Arora

Model extraction attacks are one type of inference-time attacks that approximate the functionality and performance of a black-box victim model by launching a certain number of queries to the model and then leveraging the model's predictions…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-01-03 Yixu Wang , Tianle Gu , Yan Teng , Yingchun Wang , Xingjun Ma