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This article presents a comprehensive survey of online test-time adaptation (OTTA), focusing on effectively adapting machine learning models to distributionally different target data upon batch arrival. Despite the recent proliferation of…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2024-07-19 Zixin Wang , Yadan Luo , Liang Zheng , Zhuoxiao Chen , Sen Wang , Zi Huang

Text understanding often suffers from domain shifts. To handle testing domains, domain adaptation (DA) is trained to adapt to a fixed and observed testing domain; a more challenging paradigm, test-time adaptation (TTA), cannot access the…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-01-05 Tianlun Liu , Zhiliang Tian , Zhen Huang , Xingzhi Zhou , Wanlong Yu , Tianle Liu , Feng Liu , Dongsheng Li

Current test-time adaptation (TTA) approaches aim to adapt a machine learning model to environments that change continuously. Yet, it is unclear whether TTA methods can maintain their adaptability over prolonged periods. To answer this…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2024-11-05 Trung-Hieu Hoang , Duc Minh Vo , Minh N. Do

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) has emerged as a promising solution for adapting a source model to unseen medical sites using unlabeled test data, due to the high cost of data annotation. Existing TTA methods consider scenarios where data from…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-07-04 Wei Li , Jingyang Zhang , Lihao Liu , Guoan Wang , Junjun He , Yang Chen , Lixu Gu

Test-time adaptation is a promising research direction that allows the source model to adapt itself to changes in data distribution without any supervision. Yet, current methods are usually evaluated on benchmarks that are only a…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2024-10-15 Damian Sójka , Sebastian Cygert , Bartłomiej Twardowski , Tomasz Trzciński

Test-time adaptation (TTA) is a technique used to reduce distribution gaps between the training and testing sets by leveraging unlabeled test data during inference. In this work, we expand TTA to a more practical scenario, where the test…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2023-03-06 Chenyan Wu , Yimu Pan , Yandong Li , James Z. Wang

This paper proposes a novel online evaluation protocol for Test Time Adaptation (TTA) methods, which penalizes slower methods by providing them with fewer samples for adaptation. TTA methods leverage unlabeled data at test time to adapt to…

Tactile-vision-language (TVL) models are increasingly deployed in real-world robotic and multimodal perception tasks, where test-time distribution shifts are unavoidable. Existing test-time adaptation (TTA) methods provide filtering in…

机器人学 · 计算机科学 2026-02-19 Chuyang Ye , Haoxian Jing , Qinting Jiang , Yixi Lin , Qiang Li , Xing Tang , Jingyan Jiang

Recently, test-time adaptation has attracted wide interest in the context of vision-language models for image classification. However, to the best of our knowledge, the problem is completely overlooked in dense prediction tasks such as…

Real-world time series often exhibit a non-stationary nature, degrading the performance of pre-trained forecasting models. Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) addresses this by adjusting models during inference, but existing methods typically update…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-07-01 Heitor R. Medeiros , Hossein Sharifi-Noghabi , Gabriel L. Oliveira , Saghar Irandoust

On-device adapting to continual, unpredictable domain shifts is essential for mobile applications like autonomous driving and augmented reality to deliver seamless user experiences in evolving environments. Test-time adaptation (TTA)…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-10-14 Cheng Fang , Sicong Liu , Zimu Zhou , Bin Guo , Jiaqi Tang , Ke Ma , Zhiwen Yu

Test-time adaptation (TTA) enhances the zero-shot robustness under distribution shifts by leveraging unlabeled test data during inference. Despite notable advances, several challenges still limit its broader applicability. First, most…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2026-05-04 Youjia Zhang , Youngeun Kim , Young-Geun Choi , Hongyeob Kim , Huiling Liu , Sungeun Hong

Prior to the deployment of robotic systems, pre-training the deep-recognition models on all potential visual cases is infeasible in practice. Hence, test-time adaptation (TTA) allows the model to adapt itself to novel environments and…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2023-04-18 Junha Song , Kwanyong Park , InKyu Shin , Sanghyun Woo , Chaoning Zhang , In So Kweon

Test-time adaptation (TTA) has been widely explored to prevent performance degradation when test data differ from the training distribution. However, fully leveraging the rich representations of large pretrained models with minimal…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2026-04-15 Sunghyun Baek , Jaemyung Yu , Seunghee Koh , Minsu Kim , Hyeonseong Jeon , Junmo Kim

Speech emotion recognition (SER) with audio-language models (ALMs) remains vulnerable to distribution shifts at test time, leading to performance degradation in out-of-domain scenarios. Test-time adaptation (TTA) provides a promising…

声音 · 计算机科学 2026-02-05 Jiacheng Shi , Hongfei Du , Y. Alicia Hong , Ye Gao

Vision-language models (VLMs) such as CLIP achieve strong zero-shot recognition but degrade significantly under \textit{temporally evolving distribution shifts} common in real-world scenarios (e.g., gradual illumination or seasonal…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-07-14 Shuang Cui , Jinglin Xu , Yi Li , Xiongxin Tang , Jiangmeng Li , Jiahuan Zhou , Fanjiang Xu , Fuchun Sun , Hui Xiong

Test-time adaptation (TTA) has emerged as a viable solution to adapt pre-trained models to domain shifts using unlabeled test data. However, TTA faces challenges of adaptation failures due to its reliance on blind adaptation to unknown test…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-04-03 Taeckyung Lee , Sorn Chottananurak , Taesik Gong , Sung-Ju Lee

Test-time adaptation (TTA) seeks to tackle potential distribution shifts between training and test data by adapting a given model w.r.t. any test sample. Although recent TTA has shown promising performance, we still face two key challenges:…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-08-27 Mingkui Tan , Guohao Chen , Jiaxiang Wu , Yifan Zhang , Yaofo Chen , Peilin Zhao , Shuaicheng Niu

Real-world vision models in dynamic environments face rapid shifts in domain distributions, leading to decreased recognition performance. Using unlabeled test data, continuous test-time adaptation (CTTA) directly adjusts a pre-trained…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-01-28 Sarthak Kumar Maharana , Baoming Zhang , Yunhui Guo

Reliable long-term decoding of surface electromyography (EMG) is hindered by signal drift caused by electrode shifts, muscle fatigue, and posture changes. While state-of-the-art models achieve high intra-session accuracy, their performance…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-01-08 Nia Touko , Matthew O A Ellis , Cristiano Capone , Alessio Burrello , Elisa Donati , Luca Manneschi