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Watermarking is an important tool for promoting the responsible use of large language models (LLMs). Existing watermarks insert a signal into generated tokens that either flags LLM-generated text (zero-bit watermarking) or encodes more…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-05-25 Atefeh Gilani , Sajani Vithana , Carol Xuan Long , Oliver Kosut , Lalitha Sankar , Flavio P. Calmon

Watermarking language models is essential for distinguishing between human and machine-generated text and thus maintaining the integrity and trustworthiness of digital communication. We present a novel green/red list watermarking approach…

机器学习 · 统计学 2025-06-13 Yangxinyu Xie , Xiang Li , Tanwi Mallick , Weijie J. Su , Ruixun Zhang

The rapid rise in popularity of Large Language Models (LLMs) with emerging capabilities has spurred public curiosity to evaluate and compare different LLMs, leading many researchers to propose their own LLM benchmarks. Noticing preliminary…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2025-05-15 Timothy R. McIntosh , Teo Susnjak , Nalin Arachchilage , Tong Liu , Paul Watters , Malka N. Halgamuge

Public leaderboards increasingly suggest that large language models (LLMs) surpass human experts on benchmarks spanning academic knowledge, law, and programming. Yet most benchmarks are fully public, their questions widely mirrored across…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2026-03-18 Eshwar Reddy M , Sourav Karmakar

Critiques are important for enhancing the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs), enabling both self-improvement and constructive feedback for others by identifying flaws and suggesting improvements. However, evaluating the critique…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-01-27 Zhengyang Tang , Ziniu Li , Zhenyang Xiao , Tian Ding , Ruoyu Sun , Benyou Wang , Dayiheng Liu , Fei Huang , Tianyu Liu , Bowen Yu , Junyang Lin

Human evaluation is indispensable and inevitable for assessing the quality of texts generated by machine learning models or written by humans. However, human evaluation is very difficult to reproduce and its quality is notoriously unstable,…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2023-05-04 Cheng-Han Chiang , Hung-yi Lee

We present a new approach for benchmarking Large Language Model (LLM) capabilities on research-level mathematics. Existing benchmarks largely rely on static, hand-curated sets of contest or textbook-style problems as proxies for…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2026-03-02 Antoine Peyronnet , Fabian Gloeckle , Amaury Hayat

Text content created by humans or language models is often stolen or misused by adversaries. Tracing text provenance can help claim the ownership of text content or identify the malicious users who distribute misleading content like…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2021-12-16 Xi Yang , Jie Zhang , Kejiang Chen , Weiming Zhang , Zehua Ma , Feng Wang , Nenghai Yu

Watermarking has offered an effective approach to distinguishing text generated by large language models (LLMs) from human-written text. However, the pervasive presence of human edits on LLM-generated text dilutes watermark signals, thereby…

统计方法学 · 统计学 2025-08-28 Xiang Li , Feng Ruan , Huiyuan Wang , Qi Long , Weijie J. Su

Misuse of LLM-generated text can be curbed by watermarking techniques that embed implicit signals into the output. We propose a watermark that partitions the vocabulary at each decoding step into three sets (Green/Yellow/Red) with fixed…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-12-23 Zhiqing Hu , Chenxu Zhao , Jiazhong Lu , Xiaolei Liu

Data watermarking in language models injects traceable signals, such as specific token sequences or stylistic patterns, into copyrighted text, allowing copyright holders to track and verify training data ownership. Previous data…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-07-29 Xinyue Cui , Johnny Tian-Zheng Wei , Swabha Swayamdipta , Robin Jia

Watermarking involves implanting an imperceptible signal into generated text that can later be detected via statistical tests. A prominent family of watermarking strategies for LLMs embeds this signal by upsampling a (pseudorandomly-chosen)…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-10-22 Anirudh Ajith , Sameer Singh , Danish Pruthi

Text watermarking plays a crucial role in ensuring the traceability and accountability of large language model (LLM) outputs and mitigating misuse. While promising, most existing methods assume perfect pseudorandomness. In practice,…

统计理论 · 数学 2026-01-21 T. Tony Cai , Xiang Li , Qi Long , Weijie J. Su , Garrett G. Wen

Statistical watermarking is a common approach for verifying whether text was written by a language model. Most existing schemes assume autoregressive generation, where tokens are produced left to right and contextual hashing is well…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-05-08 Mohd Ruhul Ameen , Akif Islam , Nadim Mahmud , Md. Ekramul Hamid

Topic modeling has been a widely used tool for unsupervised text analysis. However, comprehensive evaluations of a topic model remain challenging. Existing evaluation methods are either less comparable across different models (e.g.,…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-01-15 Xiaohao Yang , He Zhao , Dinh Phung , Wray Buntine , Lan Du

The rapid development and dynamic nature of large language models (LLMs) make it difficult for conventional quantitative benchmarks to accurately assess their capabilities. We propose report cards, which are human-interpretable, natural…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-09-04 Blair Yang , Fuyang Cui , Keiran Paster , Jimmy Ba , Pashootan Vaezipoor , Silviu Pitis , Michael R. Zhang

The ability of large language models to generate complex texts allows them to be widely integrated into many aspects of life, and their output can quickly fill all network resources. As the impact of LLMs grows, it becomes increasingly…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-11-12 Yongye Su , Yuqing Wu

The rapid advancement of LLMs (Large Language Models) has established them as a foundational technology for many AI and ML-powered human computer interactions. A critical challenge in this context is the attribution of LLM-generated text --…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-02-27 Jarosław Janas , Paweł Morawiecki , Josef Pieprzyk

Verifying the authenticity of AI-generated text has become increasingly important with the rapid advancement of large language models, and unbiased watermarking has emerged as a promising approach due to its ability to preserve output…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-09-30 Yihan Wu , Xuehao Cui , Ruibo Chen , Heng Huang

Digital watermarking is essential for securing generated images from diffusion models. Accurate watermark evaluation is critical for algorithm development, yet existing methods have significant limitations: they lack a unified framework for…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2026-02-05 Zijin Yang , Yu Sun , Kejiang Chen , Jiawei Zhao , Jun Jiang , Weiming Zhang , Nenghai Yu
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