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To foster trustworthy Artificial Intelligence (AI) within the European Union, the AI Act requires providers to mark and detect the outputs of their general-purpose models. The Article 50 and Recital 133 call for marking methods that are…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-11-06 Thomas Souverain

With the rapid advancement and extensive application of artificial intelligence technology, large language models (LLMs) are extensively used to enhance production, creativity, learning, and work efficiency across various domains. However,…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-09-04 Yuqing Liang , Jiancheng Xiao , Wensheng Gan , Philip S. Yu

To mitigate the potential harms of Large Language Models (LLMs)generated text, researchers have proposed watermarking, a process of embedding detectable signals within text. With watermarking, we can always accurately detect LLM-generated…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-11-19 William Guo , Adaku Uchendu , Ana Smith

As large language models (LLMs) reach human-like fluency, reliably distinguishing AI-generated text from human authorship becomes increasingly difficult. While watermarks already exist for LLMs, they often lack flexibility and struggle with…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-06-18 Georg Niess , Roman Kern

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have raised urgent concerns about LLM-generated text authenticity, prompting regulatory demands for reliable identification mechanisms. Although watermarking offers a promising solution,…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-08-26 Xiaoyan Feng , He Zhang , Yanjun Zhang , Leo Yu Zhang , Shirui Pan

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) raised concerns over potential misuse, such as for spreading misinformation. In response two counter measures emerged: machine learning-based detectors that predict if text is synthetic,…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-04-17 David Khachaturov , Robert Mullins , Ilia Shumailov , Sumanth Dathathri

Since ChatGPT was introduced in November 2022, embedding (nearly) unnoticeable statistical signals into text generated by large language models (LLMs), also known as watermarking, has been used as a principled approach to provable detection…

统计理论 · 数学 2025-08-28 Xiang Li , Feng Ruan , Huiyuan Wang , Qi Long , Weijie J. Su

Watermarking is a technical means to dissuade malfeasant usage of Large Language Models. This paper proposes a novel watermarking scheme, so-called WaterMax, that enjoys high detectability while sustaining the quality of the generated text…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-10-21 Eva Giboulot , Teddy Furon

Given a text, can we determine whether it was generated by a large language model (LLM) or by a human? A widely studied approach to this problem is watermarking. We propose an undetectable and elementary watermarking scheme in the closed…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-06-26 Pedro Abdalla , Roman Vershynin

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in various applications, including text generation and complex tasks. However, the misuse of LLMs raises concerns about the authenticity and ethical implications of the content they produce, such as…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-12-02 Zesen Liu , Tianshuo Cong , Xinlei He , Qi Li

The rapid development of Large Language Models (LLMs) has intensified concerns about content traceability and potential misuse. Existing watermarking schemes for sampled text often face trade-offs between maintaining text quality and…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-04-17 Shizhan Cai , Liang Ding , Dacheng Tao

We consider the emerging problem of identifying the presence and use of watermarking schemes in widely used, publicly hosted, closed source large language models (LLMs). We introduce a suite of baseline algorithms for identifying watermarks…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2023-05-31 Leonard Tang , Gavin Uberti , Tom Shlomi

Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed how people interact with artificial intelligence (AI) systems, achieving state-of-the-art results in various tasks, including scientific discovery and hypothesis generation. However, the lack of…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-11-06 Sikun Guo , Amir Hassan Shariatmadari , Guangzhi Xiong , Albert Huang , Eric Xie , Stefan Bekiranov , Aidong Zhang

In the present-day scenario, Large Language Models (LLMs) are establishing their presence as powerful instruments permeating various sectors of society. While their utility offers valuable support to individuals, there are multiple concerns…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-07-01 Badr Youbi Idrissi , Monica Millunzi , Amelia Sorrenti , Lorenzo Baraldi , Daryna Dementieva

Large language models (LLMs) have show great ability in various natural language tasks. However, there are concerns that LLMs are possible to be used improperly or even illegally. To prevent the malicious usage of LLMs, detecting…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-04-02 Jie Ren , Han Xu , Yiding Liu , Yingqian Cui , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Jiliang Tang

Watermarking for large language models (LLMs) has emerged as an effective tool for distinguishing AI-generated text from human-written content. Statistically, watermark schemes induce dependence between generated tokens and a pseudo-random…

统计方法学 · 统计学 2026-04-13 Weijie Su , Ruodu Wang , Zinan Zhao

Benchmark contamination poses a significant challenge to the reliability of Large Language Models (LLMs) evaluations, as it is difficult to assert whether a model has been trained on a test set. We introduce a solution to this problem by…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-07-22 Tom Sander , Pierre Fernandez , Saeed Mahloujifar , Alain Durmus , Chuan Guo

With the widespread adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs), concerns about potential misuse have emerged. To this end, watermarking has been adapted to LLM, enabling a simple and effective way to detect and monitor generated text.…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-07-22 Duy C. Hoang , Hung T. Q. Le , Rui Chu , Ping Li , Weijie Zhao , Yingjie Lao , Khoa D. Doan

We study the problem of watermarking large language models (LLMs) generated text -- one of the most promising approaches for addressing the safety challenges of LLM usage. In this paper, we propose a rigorous theoretical framework to…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2023-10-16 Xuandong Zhao , Prabhanjan Ananth , Lei Li , Yu-Xiang Wang

We present REMARK-LLM, a novel efficient, and robust watermarking framework designed for texts generated by large language models (LLMs). Synthesizing human-like content using LLMs necessitates vast computational resources and extensive…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-04-09 Ruisi Zhang , Shehzeen Samarah Hussain , Paarth Neekhara , Farinaz Koushanfar