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The widespread use of deep learning technology across various industries has made deep neural network models highly valuable and, as a result, attractive targets for potential attackers. Model extraction attacks, particularly query-based…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2023-12-25 Zeyu Li , Chenghui Shi , Yuwen Pu , Xuhong Zhang , Yu Li , Jinbao Li , Shouling Ji

Machine learning (ML) models have significantly grown in complexity and utility, driving advances across multiple domains. However, substantial computational resources and specialized expertise have historically restricted their wide…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-08-28 Kaixiang Zhao , Lincan Li , Kaize Ding , Neil Zhenqiang Gong , Yue Zhao , Yushun Dong

We study the problem of model extraction in natural language processing, in which an adversary with only query access to a victim model attempts to reconstruct a local copy of that model. Assuming that both the adversary and victim model…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2020-10-13 Kalpesh Krishna , Gaurav Singh Tomar , Ankur P. Parikh , Nicolas Papernot , Mohit Iyyer

Model extraction aims to create a functionally similar copy from a machine learning as a service (MLaaS) API with minimal overhead, typically for illicit profit or as a precursor to further attacks, posing a significant threat to the MLaaS…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-09-25 Hongyu Zhu , Wentao Hu , Sichu Liang , Fangqi Li , Wenwen Wang , Shilin Wang

Model extraction attacks pose significant security threats to deployed language models, potentially compromising intellectual property and user privacy. This survey provides a comprehensive taxonomy of LLM-specific extraction attacks and…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-07-09 Kaixiang Zhao , Lincan Li , Kaize Ding , Neil Zhenqiang Gong , Yue Zhao , Yushun Dong

In a model extraction attack, an adversary steals a copy of a remotely deployed machine learning model, given oracle prediction access. We taxonomize model extraction attacks around two objectives: *accuracy*, i.e., performing well on the…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2020-03-05 Matthew Jagielski , Nicholas Carlini , David Berthelot , Alex Kurakin , Nicolas Papernot

The advance of explainable artificial intelligence, which provides reasons for its predictions, is expected to accelerate the use of deep neural networks in the real world like Machine Learning as a Service (MLaaS) that returns predictions…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2021-07-20 Takayuki Miura , Satoshi Hasegawa , Toshiki Shibahara

Model extraction attacks are a kind of attacks in which an adversary obtains a new model, whose performance is equivalent to that of a target model, via query access to the target model efficiently, i.e., fewer datasets and computational…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2020-02-04 Tatsuya Takemura , Naoto Yanai , Toru Fujiwara

Model extraction attacks are designed to steal trained models with only query access, as is often provided through APIs that ML-as-a-Service providers offer. Machine Learning (ML) models are expensive to train, in part because data is hard…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-06-14 Avital Shafran , Ilia Shumailov , Murat A. Erdogdu , Nicolas Papernot

Model extraction attacks are a kind of attacks where an adversary obtains a machine learning model whose performance is comparable with one of the victim model through queries and their results. This paper presents a novel model extraction…

Model Leeching is a novel extraction attack targeting Large Language Models (LLMs), capable of distilling task-specific knowledge from a target LLM into a reduced parameter model. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our attack by extracting…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2023-09-20 Lewis Birch , William Hackett , Stefan Trawicki , Neeraj Suri , Peter Garraghan

Large Language Models (LLMs) enable a new ecosystem with many downstream applications, called LLM applications, with different natural language processing tasks. The functionality and performance of an LLM application highly depend on its…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-06-16 Bo Hui , Haolin Yuan , Neil Gong , Philippe Burlina , Yinzhi Cao

Machine Learning as a Service (MLaaS) enables users to leverage powerful machine learning models through cloud-based APIs, offering scalability and ease of deployment. However, these services are vulnerable to model extraction attacks,…

Information leakage issues in machine learning-based Web applications have attracted increasing attention. While the risk of data privacy leakage has been rigorously analyzed, the theory of model function leakage, known as Model Extraction…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-09-24 Xinwei Zhang , Haibo Hu , Qingqing Ye , Li Bai , Huadi Zheng

This paper introduces a novel data-free model extraction attack that significantly advances the current state-of-the-art in terms of efficiency, accuracy, and effectiveness. Traditional black-box methods rely on using the victim's model as…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-10-22 Maor Biton Dor , Yisroel Mirsky

We study design of black-box model extraction attacks that can send minimal number of queries from a publicly available dataset to a target ML model through a predictive API with an aim to create an informative and distributionally…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2023-10-19 Pratik Karmakar , Debabrota Basu

In this work, we introduce PII-Scope, a comprehensive benchmark designed to evaluate state-of-the-art methodologies for PII extraction attacks targeting LLMs across diverse threat settings. Our study provides a deeper understanding of these…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-05-27 Krishna Kanth Nakka , Ahmed Frikha , Ricardo Mendes , Xue Jiang , Xuebing Zhou

Model extraction emerges as a critical security threat with attack vectors exploiting both algorithmic and implementation-based approaches. The main goal of an attacker is to steal as much information as possible about a protected victim…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-11-18 Kevin Hector , Pierre-Alain Moellic , Mathieu Dumont , Jean-Max Dutertre

The collection and availability of big data, combined with advances in pre-trained models (e.g., BERT, XLNET, etc), have revolutionized the predictive performance of modern natural language processing tasks, ranging from text classification…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2021-12-28 Chen Chen , Xuanli He , Lingjuan Lyu , Fangzhao Wu

Model extraction increasingly attracts research attentions as keeping commercial AI models private can retain a competitive advantage. In some scenarios, AI models are trained proprietarily, where neither pre-trained models nor sufficient…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2021-04-14 Xinyi Zhang , Chengfang Fang , Jie Shi
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