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The strong general capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) bring potential ethical risks if they are unrestrictedly accessible to malicious users. Token-level watermarking inserts watermarks in the generated texts by altering the token…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2023-11-17 Yuhang Li , Yihan Wang , Zhouxing Shi , Cho-Jui Hsieh

Identifying LLM-generated code through watermarking poses a challenge in preserving functional correctness. Previous methods rely on the assumption that watermarking high-entropy tokens effectively maintains output quality. Our analysis…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-02-10 Jungin Kim , Shinwoo Park , Yo-Sub Han

Detecting machine-generated text is essential for transparency and accountability when deploying large language models (LLMs). Among detection approaches, watermarking is a statistically reliable method by design -- it embeds detectable…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-05-05 Koshiro Saito , Ryuto Koike , Masahiro Kaneko , Naoaki Okazaki

Watermarking for large language models (LLMs) is a promising approach for detecting LLM-generated text and enabling responsible deployment. However, existing watermarking methods are often vulnerable to semantic-invariant attacks, such as…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-05-26 Zhenxin Ai , Haiyun He

Text watermarks in large language models (LLMs) are an increasingly important tool for detecting synthetic text and distinguishing human-written content from LLM-generated text. While most existing studies focus on determining whether…

机器学习 · 统计学 2025-06-30 Xiang Li , Garrett Wen , Weiqing He , Jiayuan Wu , Qi Long , Weijie J. Su

Text watermarks for large language models (LLMs) have been commonly used to identify the origins of machine-generated content, which is promising for assessing liability when combating deepfake or harmful content. While existing…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-10-30 Tong Zhou , Xuandong Zhao , Xiaolin Xu , Shaolei Ren

As artificial intelligence surpasses human capabilities in text generation, the necessity to authenticate the origins of AI-generated content has become paramount. Unbiased watermarks offer a powerful solution by embedding statistical…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-08-07 Ruibo Chen , Yihan Wu , Junfeng Guo , Heng Huang

Watermarking approaches are proposed to identify if text being circulated is human or large language model (LLM) generated. The state-of-the-art watermarking strategy of Kirchenbauer et al. (2023a) biases the LLM to generate specific…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-03-25 Qilong Wu , Varun Chandrasekaran

We study how to watermark LLM outputs, i.e. embedding algorithmically detectable signals into LLM-generated text to track misuse. Unlike the current mainstream methods that work with a fixed LLM, we expand the watermark design space by…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-03-19 Xiaojun Xu , Yuanshun Yao , Yang Liu

To foster trustworthy Artificial Intelligence (AI) within the European Union, the AI Act requires providers to mark and detect the outputs of their general-purpose models. The Article 50 and Recital 133 call for marking methods that are…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-11-06 Thomas Souverain

As large language models (LLM) are increasingly used for text generation tasks, it is critical to audit their usages, govern their applications, and mitigate their potential harms. Existing watermark techniques are shown effective in…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-08-09 Chaoyi Zhu , Jeroen Galjaard , Pin-Yu Chen , Lydia Y. Chen

Large language models (LLMs) excellently generate human-like text, but also raise concerns about misuse in fake news and academic dishonesty. Decoding-based watermark, particularly the GumbelMax-trick-based watermark(GM watermark), is a…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-05-29 Jiayi Fu , Xuandong Zhao , Ruihan Yang , Yuansen Zhang , Jiangjie Chen , Yanghua Xiao

Watermarking of language model outputs enables statistical detection of model-generated text, which can mitigate harms and misuses of language models. Existing watermarking strategies operate by altering the decoder of an existing language…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-05-03 Chenchen Gu , Xiang Lisa Li , Percy Liang , Tatsunori Hashimoto

With the rapid advancement and extensive application of artificial intelligence technology, large language models (LLMs) are extensively used to enhance production, creativity, learning, and work efficiency across various domains. However,…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-09-04 Yuqing Liang , Jiancheng Xiao , Wensheng Gan , Philip S. Yu

Recent advances in the capabilities of large language models such as GPT-4 have spurred increasing concern about our ability to detect AI-generated text. Prior works have suggested methods of embedding watermarks in model outputs, by…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2023-06-16 Miranda Christ , Sam Gunn , Or Zamir

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed for text generation, watermarking has become essential for authorship attribution, intellectual property protection, and misuse detection. While existing watermarking methods perform…

Benchmark contamination poses a significant challenge to the reliability of Large Language Models (LLMs) evaluations, as it is difficult to assert whether a model has been trained on a test set. We introduce a solution to this problem by…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-07-22 Tom Sander , Pierre Fernandez , Saeed Mahloujifar , Alain Durmus , Chuan Guo

Recent progress in large language models enables the creation of realistic machine-generated content. Watermarking is a promising approach to distinguish machine-generated text from human text, embedding statistical signals in the output…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-02-25 Patrick Chao , Yan Sun , Edgar Dobriban , Hamed Hassani

Invisible watermarking of AI-generated images can help with copyright protection, enabling detection and identification of AI-generated media. In this work, we present a novel approach to watermark images of T2I Latent Diffusion Models…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-03-18 Naresh Kumar Devulapally , Mingzhen Huang , Vishal Asnani , Shruti Agarwal , Siwei Lyu , Vishnu Suresh Lokhande

LLM watermarking has attracted attention as a promising way to detect AI-generated content, with some works suggesting that current schemes may already be fit for deployment. In this work we dispute this claim, identifying watermark…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-06-25 Nikola Jovanović , Robin Staab , Martin Vechev