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In general, two-agent decision-making problems can be modeled as a two-player game, and a typical solution is to find a Nash equilibrium in such game. Counterfactual regret minimization (CFR) is a well-known method to find a Nash…

计算机科学与博弈论 · 计算机科学 2020-12-07 Huale Li , Xuan Wang , Shuhan Qi , Jiajia Zhang , Yang Liu , Yulin Wu , Fengwei Jia

Counterfactual Regret Minimization (CFR) and its variants developed based upon Regret Matching (RM) have been considered to be the best method to solve incomplete information extensive form games. In addition to RM and CFR, Fictitious Play…

计算机科学与博弈论 · 计算机科学 2023-11-14 Qi Ju

Counterfactual Regret Minimization (CFR)} is the popular method for finding approximate Nash equilibrium in two-player zero-sum games with imperfect information. CFR solves games by travsersing the full game tree iteratively, which limits…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2022-01-04 Huale Li , Xuan Wang , Zengyue Guo , Jiajia Zhang , Shuhan Qi

Counterfactual regret minimization (CFR) is an effective algorithm for solving extensive games with imperfect information (IIEGs). However, CFR is only allowed to be applied in known environments, where the transition function of the chance…

计算机科学与博弈论 · 计算机科学 2024-10-30 Chen Qiu , Xuan Wang , Tianzi Ma , Yaojun Wen , Jiajia Zhang

Counterfactual Regret Minimization and variants (e.g. Public Chance Sampling CFR and Pure CFR) have been known as the best approaches for creating approximate Nash equilibrium solutions for imperfect information games such as poker. This…

计算机科学与博弈论 · 计算机科学 2014-07-21 Oskari Tammelin

Counterfactual regret minimization (CFR) is a family of algorithms for effectively solving imperfect-information games. To enhance CFR's applicability in large games, researchers use neural networks to approximate its behavior. However,…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-11-12 Hang Xu , Kai Li , Haobo Fu , Qiang Fu , Junliang Xing , Jian Cheng

Counterfactual regret minimization (CFR) is a family of iterative algorithms that are the most popular and, in practice, fastest approach to approximately solving large imperfect-information games. In this paper we introduce novel CFR…

计算机科学与博弈论 · 计算机科学 2019-02-22 Noam Brown , Tuomas Sandholm

Counterfactual regret minimization (CFR) algorithms are a foundational class of methods for solving imperfect-information games, with the time average of their iterates converging to a Nash equilibrium in two-player zero-sum games. Prior…

计算机科学与博弈论 · 计算机科学 2026-02-10 Naifeng Zhang , Stephen McAleer , Tuomas Sandholm

A mean-field game (MFG) seeks the Nash Equilibrium of a game involving a continuum of players, where the Nash Equilibrium corresponds to a fixed point of the best-response mapping. However, simple fixed-point iterations do not always…

最优化与控制 · 数学 2025-07-15 Jiajia Yu , Xiuyuan Cheng , Jian-Guo Liu , Hongkai Zhao

Counterfactual Regret Minimization (CFR) is the most successful algorithm for finding approximate Nash equilibria in imperfect information games. However, CFR's reliance on full game-tree traversals limits its scalability. For this reason,…

计算机科学与博弈论 · 计算机科学 2019-10-07 Eric Steinberger

Counterfactual Regret Minimization (CFR) is the leading framework for solving large imperfect-information games. It converges to an equilibrium by iteratively traversing the game tree. In order to deal with extremely large games,…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2019-05-23 Noam Brown , Adam Lerer , Sam Gross , Tuomas Sandholm

To establish last-iterate convergence for Counterfactual Regret Minimization (CFR) algorithms in learning a Nash equilibrium (NE) of extensive-form games (EFGs), recent studies reformulate learning an NE of the original EFG as learning the…

计算机科学与博弈论 · 计算机科学 2025-03-19 Linjian Meng , Youzhi Zhang , Zhenxing Ge , Shangdong Yang , Tianyu Ding , Wenbin Li , Tianpei Yang , Bo An , Yang Gao

Counterfactual Regret Minimization (CFR) algorithms are widely used to compute a Nash equilibrium (NE) in two-player zero-sum imperfect-information extensive-form games (IIGs). Among them, Predictive CFR$^+$ (PCFR$^+$) is particularly…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-11-14 Linjian Meng , Tianpei Yang , Youzhi Zhang , Zhenxing Ge , Yang Gao

No-regret learning has emerged as a powerful tool for solving extensive-form games. This was facilitated by the counterfactual-regret minimization (CFR) framework, which relies on the instantiation of regret minimizers for simplexes at each…

计算机科学与博弈论 · 计算机科学 2017-11-10 Gabriele Farina , Christian Kroer , Tuomas Sandholm

Monte Carlo Counterfactual Regret Minimization (MCCFR) has emerged as a cornerstone algorithm for solving extensive-form games, but its integration with deep neural networks introduces scale-dependent challenges that manifest differently…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2026-01-29 Zakaria El Jaafari

Researchers on artificial intelligence have achieved human-level intelligence in large-scale perfect-information games, but it is still a challenge to achieve (nearly) optimal results (in other words, an approximate Nash Equilibrium) in…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2019-04-09 Li Zhang , Wei Wang , Shijian Li , Gang Pan

Monte-Carlo counterfactual regret minimization (MCCFR) is the state-of-the-art algorithm for solving sequential games that are too large for full tree traversals. It works by using gradient estimates that can be computed via sampling.…

计算机科学与博弈论 · 计算机科学 2020-02-21 Gabriele Farina , Christian Kroer , Tuomas Sandholm

Regret-based algorithms are highly efficient at finding approximate Nash equilibria in sequential games such as poker games. However, most regret-based algorithms, including counterfactual regret minimization (CFR) and its variants, rely on…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2021-10-28 Chung-Wei Lee , Christian Kroer , Haipeng Luo

Learning strategies for imperfect information games from samples of interaction is a challenging problem. A common method for this setting, Monte Carlo Counterfactual Regret Minimization (MCCFR), can have slow long-term convergence rates…

计算机科学与博弈论 · 计算机科学 2018-09-11 Martin Schmid , Neil Burch , Marc Lanctot , Matej Moravcik , Rudolf Kadlec , Michael Bowling

This article discusses two contributions to decision-making in complex partially observable stochastic games. First, we apply two state-of-the-art search techniques that use Monte-Carlo sampling to the task of approximating a…

计算机科学与博弈论 · 计算机科学 2014-01-21 Marc Ponsen , Steven de Jong , Marc Lanctot
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