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Given the special situation of modeling gigapixel images, multiple instance learning (MIL) has become one of the most important frameworks for Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification. In current practice, most MIL networks often face two…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2024-01-11 Pei Liu , Luping Ji , Xinyu Zhang , Feng Ye

Multi-instance learning (MIL) is widely used in the computer-aided interpretation of pathological Whole Slide Images (WSIs) to solve the lack of pixel-wise or patch-wise annotations. Often, this approach directly applies "natural image…

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL), a powerful strategy for weakly supervised learning, is able to perform various prediction tasks on gigapixel Whole Slide Images (WSIs). However, the tens of thousands of patches in WSIs usually incur a vast…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2023-03-14 Zhuchen Shao , Liuxi Dai , Yifeng Wang , Haoqian Wang , Yongbing Zhang

Multiple Instance learning (MIL) models have been extensively used in pathology to predict biomarkers and risk-stratify patients from gigapixel-sized images. Machine learning problems in medical imaging often deal with rare diseases, making…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2023-09-12 Dinkar Juyal , Siddhant Shingi , Syed Ashar Javed , Harshith Padigela , Chintan Shah , Anand Sampat , Archit Khosla , John Abel , Amaro Taylor-Weiner

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has advanced WSI analysis but struggles with the complexity and heterogeneity of WSIs. Existing MIL methods face challenges in aggregating diverse patch information into robust WSI representations. While…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-07-28 Beidi Zhao , SangMook Kim , Hao Chen , Chen Zhou , Zu-hua Gao , Gang Wang , Xiaoxiao Li

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) is a sub-domain of classification problems with positive and negative labels and a "bag" of inputs, where the label is positive if and only if a positive element is contained within the bag, and otherwise is…

机器学习 · 统计学 2023-10-30 Edward Raff , James Holt

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is an effective and widely used approach for weakly supervised machine learning. In histopathology, MIL models have achieved remarkable success in tasks like tumor detection, biomarker prediction, and…

Due to the lack of fine-grained annotation guidance, current Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) struggles to establish a robust causal relationship between Whole Slide Image (WSI) diagnosis and evidence sub-images, just like fully supervised…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-07-08 Tianhang Nan , Yong Ding , Hao Quan , Deliang Li , Lisha Li , Guanghong Zhao , Xiaoyu Cui

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is concerned with learning from sets (bags) of objects (instances), where the individual instance labels are ambiguous. In this setting, supervised learning cannot be applied directly. Often, specialized MIL…

机器学习 · 统计学 2014-12-04 Veronika Cheplygina , David M. J. Tax , Marco Loog

While Large Language Models (LLMs) are emerging as a promising direction in computational pathology, the substantial computational cost of giga-pixel Whole Slide Images (WSIs) necessitates the use of Multi-Instance Learning (MIL) to enable…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-11-12 Zhenfeng Zhuang , Fangyu Zhou , Liansheng Wang

Annotating cancerous regions in whole-slide images (WSIs) of pathology samples plays a critical role in clinical diagnosis, biomedical research, and machine learning algorithms development. However, generating exhaustive and accurate…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2022-06-09 Zhenzhen Wang , Carla Saoud , Sintawat Wangsiricharoen , Aaron W. James , Aleksander S. Popel , Jeremias Sulam

Strongly supervised learning requires detailed knowledge of truth labels at instance levels, and in many machine learning applications this is a major drawback. Multiple instance learning (MIL) is a popular weakly supervised learning method…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2022-02-18 Saul Fuster , Trygve Eftestøl , Kjersti Engan

Computer-aided pathology diagnosis based on the classification of Whole Slide Image (WSI) plays an important role in clinical practice, and it is often formulated as a weakly-supervised Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) problem. Existing…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2022-10-11 Linhao Qu , Xiaoyuan Luo , Manning Wang , Zhijian Song

Machine learning models have become integral to many fields, but their reliability, defined as producing dependable, trustworthy, and domain-consistent predictions, remains a critical concern. Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) models…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-12-10 Hassan Keshvarikhojasteh , Marc Aubreville , Christof A. Bertram , Josien P. W. Pluim , Mitko Veta

Multi-instance learning (MIL) deals with objects represented as bags of instances and can predict instance labels from bag-level supervision. However, significant performance gaps exist between instance-level MIL algorithms and supervised…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2022-10-06 Weijia Zhang , Xuanhui Zhang , Han-Wen Deng , Min-Ling Zhang

Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification is often formulated as a Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) problem. Recently, Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance in WSI classification. However, existing methods…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2024-04-08 Hao Li , Ying Chen , Yifei Chen , Wenxian Yang , Bowen Ding , Yuchen Han , Liansheng Wang , Rongshan Yu

In the field of computational histopathology, both whole slide images (WSIs) and diagnostic captions provide valuable insights for making diagnostic decisions. However, aligning WSIs with diagnostic captions presents a significant…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-03-18 Qifeng Zhou , Wenliang Zhong , Yuzhi Guo , Michael Xiao , Hehuan Ma , Junzhou Huang

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) methods allow for gigapixel Whole-Slide Image (WSI) analysis with only slide-level annotations. Interpretability is crucial for safely deploying such algorithms in high-stakes medical domains. Traditional…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-01-07 Susu Sun , Leslie Tessier , Frédérique Meeuwsen , Clément Grisi , Dominique van Midden , Geert Litjens , Christian F. Baumgartner

Classification of gigapixel Whole Slide Images (WSIs) is an important prediction task in the emerging area of computational pathology. There has been a surge of research in deep learning models for WSI classification with clinical…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2023-05-04 Sajid Javed , Arif Mahmood , Talha Qaiser , Naoufel Werghi , Nasir Rajpoot

We introduce ReaMIL (Reasoning- and Evidence-Aware MIL), a multiple instance learning approach for whole-slide histopathology that adds a light selection head to a strong MIL backbone. The head produces soft per-tile gates and is trained…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2026-04-08 Hyun Do Jung , Jungwon Choi , Hwiyoung Kim