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Modern optimizers like Adam and Muon are central to training large language models, but their reliance on first- and second-order momenta introduces significant memory overhead, which constrains scalability and computational efficiency. In…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-03-02 Zhengbo Wang , Jian Liang , Ran He , Zilei Wang , Tieniu Tan

We introduce Velocity-Regularized Adam (VRAdam), a physics-inspired optimizer for training deep neural networks that draws on ideas from quartic terms for kinetic energy with its stabilizing effects on various system dynamics. Previous…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-05-13 Pranav Vaidhyanathan , Lucas Schorling , Natalia Ares , Michael A. Osborne

The adaptive moment estimation (Adam) optimizer proposed by Kingma & Ba (2014) is presumably the most popular stochastic gradient descent (SGD) optimization method for the training of deep neural networks (DNNs) in artificial intelligence…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-03-20 Steffen Dereich , Thang Do , Arnulf Jentzen

Adaptive gradient-based optimization methods such as \textsc{Adagrad}, \textsc{Rmsprop}, and \textsc{Adam} are widely used in solving large-scale machine learning problems including deep learning. A number of schemes have been proposed in…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2019-05-30 Parvin Nazari , Davoud Ataee Tarzanagh , George Michailidis

Since its invention in 2014, the Adam optimizer has received tremendous attention. On one hand, it has been widely used in deep learning and many variants have been proposed, while on the other hand their theoretical convergence property…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2021-12-08 Zhishuai Guo , Yi Xu , Wotao Yin , Rong Jin , Tianbao Yang

Adam is one of the most popular optimization algorithms in deep learning. However, it is known that Adam does not converge in theory unless choosing a hyperparameter, i.e., $\beta_2$, in a problem-dependent manner. There have been many…

Adam is widely recognized as one of the most effective optimizers for training deep neural networks (DNNs). Despite its remarkable empirical success, its theoretical convergence analysis remains unsatisfactory. Existing works predominantly…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-07-10 Hanyang Peng , Shuang Qin , Yue Yu , Fangqing Jiang , Hui Wang , Zhouchen Lin

Optimization is essential in deep learning. The foundational method upon which most optimizers are built is momentum-based stochastic gradient descent. However, it suffers from two key drawbacks. First, it has noisy and varying gradients,…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-05-22 Saurabh Saini , Kapil Ahuja , Thomas Wick , Saurav Kumar

This paper establishes a mathematical foundation for the Adam optimizer, elucidating its connection to natural gradient descent through Riemannian and information geometry. We provide an accessible and detailed analysis of the diagonal…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-09-05 Dongseong Hwang

The Adam optimizer is a popular choice in contemporary deep learning, due to its strong empirical performance. However we observe that in privacy sensitive scenarios, the traditional use of Differential Privacy (DP) with the Adam optimizer…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2023-12-25 Qiaoyue Tang , Frederick Shpilevskiy , Mathias Lécuyer

Training large language models (LLMs) relies on adaptive optimizers such as Adam, which introduce extra operations and require significantly more memory to maintain first- and second-order moments than SGD. While recent works such as…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-05-22 Athanasios Glentis , Jiaxiang Li , Andi Han , Mingyi Hong

We introduce Gravity, another algorithm for gradient-based optimization. In this paper, we explain how our novel idea change parameters to reduce the deep learning model's loss. It has three intuitive hyper-parameters that the best values…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2021-01-25 Dariush Bahrami , Sadegh Pouriyan Zadeh

Practical results have shown that deep learning optimizers using small constant learning rates, hyperparameters close to one, and large batch sizes can find the model parameters of deep neural networks that minimize the loss functions. We…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2022-08-23 Hideaki Iiduka

Model compression by way of parameter pruning, quantization, or distillation has recently gained popularity as an approach for reducing the computational requirements of modern deep neural network models for NLP. Inspired by prior works…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2023-10-10 Clara Na , Sanket Vaibhav Mehta , Emma Strubell

Adaptive gradient methods have become popular in optimizing deep neural networks; recent examples include AdaGrad and Adam. Although Adam usually converges faster, variations of Adam, for instance, the AdaBelief algorithm, have been…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-10-29 Kushal Chakrabarti , Nikhil Chopra

Scalable training of large models (like BERT and GPT-3) requires careful optimization rooted in model design, architecture, and system capabilities. From a system standpoint, communication has become a major bottleneck, especially on…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2021-07-01 Hanlin Tang , Shaoduo Gan , Ammar Ahmad Awan , Samyam Rajbhandari , Conglong Li , Xiangru Lian , Ji Liu , Ce Zhang , Yuxiong He

We introduce AlphaGrad, a memory-efficient, conditionally stateless optimizer addressing the memory overhead and hyperparameter complexity of adaptive methods like Adam. AlphaGrad enforces scale invariance via tensor-wise L2 gradient…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-04-24 Soham Sane

Pretraining optimizers are tuned to produce the strongest possible base model, on the assumption that a stronger starting point yields a stronger model after subsequent changes like post-training and quantization. This overlooks the…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-05-05 Ishaan Watts , Catherine Li , Sachin Goyal , Jacob Mitchell Springer , Aditi Raghunathan

Catastrophic forgetting remains a severe hindrance to the broad application of artificial neural networks (ANNs), however, it continues to be a poorly understood phenomenon. Despite the extensive amount of work on catastrophic forgetting,…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2021-06-10 Dylan R. Ashley , Sina Ghiassian , Richard S. Sutton

Sharpness aware minimization (SAM) optimizer has been extensively explored as it can generalize better for training deep neural networks via introducing extra perturbation steps to flatten the landscape of deep learning models. Integrating…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2023-03-02 Hao Sun , Li Shen , Qihuang Zhong , Liang Ding , Shixiang Chen , Jingwei Sun , Jing Li , Guangzhong Sun , Dacheng Tao