相关论文: On the term "randomization test"

We consider the problem of inference in shift-share research designs. The choice between existing approaches that allow for unrestricted spatial correlation involves tradeoffs, varying in terms of their validity when there are relatively…

Cluster analysis is a fundamental research issue in statistics and machine learning. In many modern clustering methods, we need to determine whether two subsets of samples come from the same cluster. Since these subsets are usually…

Neutrosophic Statistics means statistical analysis of population or sample that has indeterminate (imprecise, ambiguous, vague, incomplete, unknown) data. For example, the population or sample size might not be exactly determinate because…

There are circumstances under which stratified sampling is worse than simple random sampling, even if the allocation of the sample sizes is optimal. This phenomenon was discovered more than sixty years ago, but is not as widely known as one…

This study considers testing the specification of spillover effects in causal inference. We focus on experimental settings in which the treatment assignment mechanism is known to researchers. We develop a new randomization test utilizing a…

Several approaches to testing the hypothesis that two histograms are drawn from the same distribution are investigated. We note that single-sample continuous distribution tests may be adapted to this two-sample grouped data situation. The…

Risk assessments to help inform criminal justice decisions have been used in the United States since the 1920s. Over the past several years, statistical learning risk algorithms have been introduced amid much controversy about fairness,…

Many tasks aim to measure machine reading comprehension (MRC), often focusing on question types presumed to be difficult. Rarely, however, do task designers start by considering what systems should in fact comprehend. In this paper we make…

We introduce a notion of real-valued reward testing for probabilistic processes by extending the traditional nonnegative-reward testing with negative rewards. In this richer testing framework, the may and must preorders turn out to be…

Empirical science needs to be based on facts and claims that can be reproduced. This calls for replicating the studies that proclaim the claims, but practice in most fields still fails to implement this idea. When such studies emerged in…

To attain the best learning accuracy, people move on with difficulties and frustrations. Though one can optimize the empirical objective using a given set of samples, its generalization ability to the entire sample distribution remains…

The score test statistic using the observed information is easy to compute numerically. Its large sample distribution under the null hypothesis is well known and is equivalent to that of the score test based on the expected information, the…

Generalizations to the permutation test are introduced to allow for situations in which the null model is not exchangeable. It is shown that the generalized permutation tests are exact, and a partial converse: that any test function that is…

In most circumstances, probability sampling is the only way to ensure unbiased inference about population quantities where a complete census is not possible. As we enter the era of 'big data', however, nonprobability samples, whose sampling…

The systematic biases seen in people's probability judgments are typically taken as evidence that people do not reason about probability using the rules of probability theory, but instead use heuristics which sometimes yield reasonable…

Correlations that cannot be reproduced with local variables certify the generation of private randomness. Usually, the violation of a Bell inequality is used to quantify the amount of randomness produced. Here, we show how private…

Hypothesis tests under order restrictions arise in a wide range of scientific applications. By exploiting inequality constraints, such tests can achieve substantial gains in power and interpretability. However, these gains come at a cost:…

This paper is an early version. We propose to generalise the notion of "ignoring" a random process as well as the notions of informative and ignorable random processes in a very general setup and for different types of inference (Bayesian…

We propose an approach for testing the hypothesis that two realizations of the random variables in the form of histograms are taken from the same statistical population (i.e. that two histograms are drawn from the same distribution). The…

A statistical test can be seen as a procedure to produce a decision based on observed data, where some decisions consist of rejecting a hypothesis (yielding a significant result) and some do not, and where one controls the probability to…