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Calibration, the alignment between model confidence and prediction accuracy, is critical for the reliable deployment of large language models (LLMs). Existing works neglect to measure the generalization of their methods to other prompt…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-01-08 Yuxi Xia , Pedro Henrique Luz de Araujo , Klim Zaporojets , Benjamin Roth

Prompt optimization aims to search for effective prompts that enhance the performance of large language models (LLMs). Although existing prompt optimization methods have discovered effective prompts, they often differ from sophisticated…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2025-07-14 Rin Ashizawa , Yoichi Hirose , Nozomu Yoshinari , Kento Uchida , Shinichi Shirakawa

In large language models (LLM)-based recommendation systems (LLM-RSs), accurately predicting user preferences by leveraging the general knowledge of LLMs is possible without requiring extensive training data. By converting recommendation…

信息检索 · 计算机科学 2024-12-20 Genki Kusano , Kosuke Akimoto , Kunihiro Takeoka

Prompt optimization improves language models without updating their weights by searching for a better system prompt, but its effectiveness varies widely across tasks. We study what makes a task amenable to prompt optimization. We show that…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-04-13 Zhaolin Gao , Yu , Wang , Bo Liu , Thorsten Joachims , Kianté Brantley , Wen Sun

With the advancement in generative language models, the selection of prompts has gained significant attention in recent years. A prompt is an instruction or description provided by the user, serving as a guide for the generative language…

机器学习 · 统计学 2024-05-21 Haoting Zhang , Jinghai He , Rhonda Righter , Zeyu Zheng

Prompt engineering, as an efficient and effective way to leverage Large Language Models (LLM), has drawn a lot of attention from the research community. The existing research primarily emphasizes the importance of adapting prompts to…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-07-08 Yuyan Chen , Zhihao Wen , Ge Fan , Zhengyu Chen , Wei Wu , Dayiheng Liu , Zhixu Li , Bang Liu , Yanghua Xiao

Optimization is ubiquitous. While derivative-based algorithms have been powerful tools for various problems, the absence of gradient imposes challenges on many real-world applications. In this work, we propose Optimization by PROmpting…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-04-16 Chengrun Yang , Xuezhi Wang , Yifeng Lu , Hanxiao Liu , Quoc V. Le , Denny Zhou , Xinyun Chen

As LLMs evolve, significant effort is spent on manually crafting prompts. While existing prompt optimization methods automate this process, they rely solely on learning from incorrect samples, leading to a sub-optimal performance.…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-09-24 Mingqi Li , Karan Aggarwal , Yong Xie , Aitzaz Ahmad , Stephen Lau

Large language models (LLMs) have become increasingly capable of following instructions and complex reasoning, making prompting a flexible interface for adapting models without parameter updates. Yet prompt design remains labor-intensive…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-05-22 Farima Fatahi Bayat , Moin Aminnaseri , Pouya Pezeshkpour , Estevam Hruschka

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved huge success in numerous natural language process (NLP) tasks. However, it faces the challenge of significant resource consumption during inference. In this paper, we aim to improve the inference…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-02-05 Hanlin Zhu , Banghua Zhu , Jiantao Jiao

Recently, scaling test-time compute on Large Language Models (LLM) has garnered wide attention. However, there has been limited investigation of how various reasoning prompting strategies perform as scaling. In this paper, we focus on a…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2025-08-18 Yexiang Liu , Zekun Li , Zhi Fang , Nan Xu , Ran He , Tieniu Tan

Automatic prompt optimization is an important approach to improving the performance of large language models (LLMs). Recent research demonstrates the potential of using LLMs as prompt optimizers, which can generate improved task prompts via…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-01-28 Xinyu Tang , Xiaolei Wang , Wayne Xin Zhao , Siyuan Lu , Yaliang Li , Ji-Rong Wen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable problem-solving and basic mathematics abilities. However, their efficacy is highly contingent on the formulation of the prompt. This study endeavors to quantify the influence of…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-02-21 Rick Battle , Teja Gollapudi

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing by solving a wide range of tasks simply guided by a prompt. Yet their performance is highly sensitive to prompt formulation. While automatic prompt optimization…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-06-18 Tom Zehle , Moritz Schlager , Timo Heiß , Matthias Feurer

Large language models (LLMs) are widely used for open-ended tasks, but underspecified prompts can lead to low-quality answers and additional interaction. This paper studies whether structured prompt design improves response quality while…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-05-20 Saurav Ghosh , Gabriella Polach , Abdou Sow

High-quality prompts are crucial for eliciting outstanding performance from large language models (LLMs) on complex tasks. Existing research has explored model-driven strategies for prompt optimization. However, these methods often suffer…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-06-04 Yifan Duan , Yihong Tang , Kehai Chen , Liqiang Nie , Min Zhang

Recent prompt optimisation approaches use the generative nature of language models to produce prompts -- even rivaling the performance of human-curated prompts. In this paper, we demonstrate that randomly sampling tokens from the model…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-04-18 Yao Lu , Jiayi Wang , Raphael Tang , Sebastian Riedel , Pontus Stenetorp

Since the adoption of large language models (LLMs) for text evaluation has become increasingly prevalent in the field of natural language processing (NLP), a series of existing works attempt to optimize the prompts for LLM evaluators to…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-06-03 Bosi Wen , Pei Ke , Yufei Sun , Cunxiang Wang , Xiaotao Gu , Jinfeng Zhou , Jie Tang , Hongning Wang , Minlie Huang

We study how to use naturally available user feedback, such as clicks, to optimize large language model (LLM) pipelines for generating personalized sentences using prompts. Naive approaches, which estimate the policy gradient in the prompt…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-04-04 Haruka Kiyohara , Daniel Yiming Cao , Yuta Saito , Thorsten Joachims

Contemporary continual learning approaches typically select prompts from a pool, which function as supplementary inputs to a pre-trained model. However, this strategy is hindered by the inherent noise of its selection approach when handling…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2024-04-30 Yong Dai , Xiaopeng Hong , Yabin Wang , Zhiheng Ma , Dongmei Jiang , Yaowei Wang